The philosophy and practice naturally influenced traditional art, motifs and symbols – the bindu, triangle, lingam, yantra, mandala, chakra, bija. Every Indian will have encountered these images, in one form or the other, even if we don’t always notice them explicitly or understand their deep mystic symbolism. For instance, Indians were, and still are, fascinated by the Beatles and the Beatles were fond of cars. George Harrison possessed expensive and fancy cars but he also had a Mini Cooper and most Beatles fans will be familiar with its psychedelic art. It is featured in Magical Mystery Tour. Subsequently, it was repainted. The original car seems to have vanished but one can still form some idea of what it must have looked like from collectable miniatures. Plus, there are images and films. When Harrison originally purchased the car, it was metallic black. The subsequent repainting was on the basis of images from Mookerjee’s book.
Inevitably, the car will be described as being painted in psychedelic colours and even Indians will not always appreciate the Tantra symbolism. Etymologically, the use of the word psychedelic isn’t wrong. But the word is often associated with drugs and reminds us of the swinging Sixties, the Vietnam War, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, transcendental meditation, Ravi Shankar, Allen Ginsberg and Woodstock. The West was attracted to the world of Tantra and our perceptions about Tantra are often shaped by what the West thought, and continues to think, about it. Therefore, a documentary film must show Kali smoking a cigarette.
As Ajit Mookerjee’s book documented, Tantra has always featured in traditional art. But following its discovery in the West, Indian artists, modern ones, started to incorporate Tantra into art forms. It was almost a new movement in modern Indian art. The exhibition I mentioned is a documentation of the work of 16 prominent Indian artists. Some incorporated elements of Tantra. Others were exclusively driven by Tantra. Some experimented, using creative licence. A few famous artists are not identified with Tantra. Nonetheless, the odd painting has been influenced by Tantra. If you have missed the exhibition, there is an accompanying book, curated by Madhu Khanna. There is a broader task of documenting our legacy, including the legacy of Tantra influencing art. Most of this is traditional. What I have mentioned is only the documentation of the work of 16 modern Indian artists. The larger task of documentation remains.
There are books galore on Tantra, popular and academic. Most — though not all — of the academic work has emanated from outside India and is also a function of whether one is writing of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, or something else. Within Hinduism, there are Vaishnava, Shaiva and Shakti strands. Within the Shaiva and Shakti strands, there are texts and practices from Kashmir and texts and practices from Bengal (and Bihar). The word Tantra is itself capable of multiple meanings. Perhaps the most acceptable definition will be that of the warp and weft that exists within the universe and within every living being.
Relatively speaking, why is there limited research that emanates from within India? The answer has many layers. But partly, it has to do with another word, “Kaula”. This word has multiple meanings too. However, fundamentally, this word underlines the tradition of knowledge about practices being passed down through a family and a lineage, not meant for dissemination to outsiders. This proposition about parampara is true of many of our knowledge systems, but it is especially true of Tantra. I take diksha into the system and use Tantra in my everyday practice. The objective is not to do research and publish academic papers and books about Tantra. That’s the reason practitioners rarely speak, or write, about Tantra and texts seem to be mysterious and esoteric. Practices are not meant to be obvious and open to everyone.
This has a flip side. There are several books on Tantra, best described as “Tantra for Dummies”. They simplify and often give Tantra a bad time, especially when one has the left-handed path (vamachara) in mind. There are practitioners who give Tantra a bad name too, proclaiming to the gullible that they can use their powers of Tantra to malign and benign effect, the former naturally directed against adversaries. Birbhum district in West Bengal is known for its Tantra practices. Recently, I met an engineer who has turned into a sanyasi and Tantrik. It was eerie, chatting with him in the middle of the night near a cremation ground, with a fire burning in front. He sought my help on a simple matter.
Couldn’t something be done to prevent fraudulent practitioners from advertising their powers on print and electronic media and fleecing the gullible and the poor? As you will appreciate, this isn’t a question of the law alone (which exists), but its enforcement. So far, I haven’t been able to do much. Tantra has always been on the edge, not necessarily part of the mainstream. That’s also the reason it is rarely taught in courses on Hindu religion.
Written by Bibek Debroy
Source: Indian Express, 14/07/22
