Current Affairs-November 19, 2022

 

INDIA

– India launches its first privately developed rocket, the Vikram-suborbital developed by Skyroot Aerospace, from ISRO’s launch site in Sriharikota (AP)

– India wins Excellence in Leadership in Family Planning (EXCELL) Awards-2022 at International Conference on Family Planning in Thailand.

– ‘No Money for Terror’ Ministerial Conference on Counter-Terrorism Financing being held in New Delhi on Nov 18-19

– 5th Naturopathy Day celebrated on Nov 18; theme: theme, ‘Naturopathy: An Integrative Medicine’

– Veteran Punjabi actress Daljeet Kaur dies at 69 in Ludhiana

ECONOMY & CORPORATE

– Maximum tenure of CEO and MD of public sector banks increased to 10 years

– UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik) levy on airlines to double from January 1; currently, the levy is ₹5,000 per departure

– Govt extends tenure of ED (Enforcement Directorate) Director Sanjay Mishra for one more year

WORLD

– First World Day for Prevention of and Healing from Child Sexual Exploitation, Abuse and Violence observed on Nov 18

– Dutch court convicts three MH17 suspects, acquits one; Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur was downed by missile over Ukraine’s eastern Donetsk region on July 17, 2014

SPORTS

– Asian Airgun Championships in South Korea: Rhythm Sangwan & Vijayveer Sidhu clinch gold in Air Pistol Mixed Team event

– Gulam Abbas Moontasir, Arjuna awardee and former captain of Indian men’s basketball team, dies at 80

Empowered Women

 India has set a stellar example of reserved quotas for women in local governance for a country that has a poor record of its overall commitment to women’s rights. It is an example of how a country can successfully empower women, politically, economically, and socially.

India is far from perfect in ensuring women’s rights, but quotas at the local government level are making a real impact. Development experts are discovering that societies and cultures that invest in and empower women are on a virtuous cycle. They become more affluent, better governed, stable, and less prone to violence.

By contrast, countries that limit women’s educational and employment opportunities and their political voices get stuck in a downward spiral. They are poorer, more fragile, and have higher levels of corruption. In the last two decades, the gender landscape in rural India has been slowly greening, and women are now on the cusp of a powerful social and political revolution. The harbinger of this change is a unique policy experiment in village-level governance that has brought transformative results for the weakest of the weak and the poorest of the poor: the village women.

In 1993, India introduced the Panchayati Raj Act, mandating a three-tiered structure of local governance at the village, block, and district levels with reservation of one-third of all posts in Gram Panchayats (village councils) at the bottom tier of India’s decentralised governance system, for women. The vision was that these women-headed councils would bring greater transparency and better governance to their villages.

It revitalised an age-old method of rural local government whose name “panchayat” is drawn from Sanskrit, meaning the council of five wise men. This new law was a step towards the fruition of Mahatma Gandhi’s dreams of village-level self-governance with gender justice as a critical pillar.

Gandhi believed that if implemented correctly the Panchayati Raj system would alleviate the alienation of the common people from governance and preclude the external intervention of higher-level civic officials, who might not be familiar with the concerns of local people.

Earlier politics was considered a foul word, and women were expected to keep a hygienic distance from it. However, development scientists and social activists now acknowledge that the modern development paradigm has political salience and that politics underpins all facets of development. Politics is the firing engine for all the cylinders of development. It is true that political power needs to be sanitized and has to be reinforced with ethical underpinnings to make it more benevolent.

This can come about only when more educated and development-oriented individuals embrace politics as a critical arena for innovation and change. Politics is the fulcrum of governance, and unless the quality of political timber is improved, governance will continue to limp.

Experience of this social and political experiment has shown that women are not just equal to the task but also orientate public-good provision more towards the preferences of their gender, namely more water, healthcare, and roads. Though less politically savvy and often only semi-illiterate, these women had an advantage in being actively mentored by trainers who are building the district bureaucracy.

Several NGOs also designed programmes to skill them in governance. Women face a host of difficulties in handling political power – cultural norms, social hierarchies, and patriarchal practices ~ which together tend to favour and attract men and discourage the participation of women. India has set a stellar example of reserved quotas for women in local governance for a country that has a poor record of its overall commitment to women’s rights.

It is an example of how a country can successfully empower women, politically, economically, and socially.

In 1993, an amendment to India’s constitution formally established Panchayati Raj (local democracy), a three-tiered local governance structure at the village, block, and district levels, to represent small rural communities. It has been called a silent revolution, the most significant social experiment of our time, and one of the greatest innovations in grassroots democracy. It is one of the crown jewels in India’s democracy.

And thanks to quotas reserving spots for female representatives, several women have been making their way up India’s governance ladder. More than thirty lakh women have become politically active, with over ten lakh of them being elected to public office every five years. They are no longer puppets, rubber stamps, or proxies for their husbands.

The rise of Indian women as heads of Gram Panchayats is a spectacular achievement, given that India has one of the worst records concerning how it treats females. Malnourished, suppressed, uneducated, violated, and discriminated against, Indian women have the odds stacked against them. Remarkably, they are now setting Indian demographics and social indices right.

These elected women are now role models to other women in their communities and are altering the development agenda to address issues critical to them. Their impact touches other areas, which may lead to enduring overall change. This role model effect can help close the gender gaps in other realms because higher aspirations translate into more significant investments in girls by their parents and themselves.

Several women who started their political careers as self-described “rubber stamp” officials are now asking about budget allocations. They stride about in government offices with polished informality sharing their concerns with officials in tones of supportiveness and assertiveness. They successfully challenge the traditional village male elite by defying social codes of female bias and are now powerful aspirational symbols and role models.

Women leaders today are more than just mouthpieces for their politically-savvy husbands. However, the path they have trodden after the initial euphoria of winning elections has not been easy. There have been growing pains and many early entrants retreated, never to emerge again.

The avalanche of social and cultural mores rained heavily on them. Although the resistance is whittling down, it is clear that achieving gender equality in leadership will require sustained policy actions that favour women over a long time. The vision is not as romantic as many would like us to believe.

But as women have shown, they have all that is needed to ride out these storms. The men know this very well, but they don’t want to concede that women possess the ability to be the better halves because they are afraid of losing their last refuge, that is, politics.

In the long term, the journey will be harder than policy wonks can imagine. The wait could potentially be eternal. But if bureaucrats can muster the will, they can succeed. They know from past lessons that they have the tools and need to vigorously back reforms that can engender greater empowerment for women. For sustainable change to happen, women must actively compete in the present political game.

Legislation and policy pronouncements seldom penetrate the surface of social and political barriers. They are ultimately impotent against the grid of the established power structures inherent in most rural households and villages.

The great strength of democracy, according to Amartya Sen, lies in that “it gives people in need a voice and, by so doing, plays a protective role against so many different forms of political and economic abuse.” Panchayati Raj is just the beginning; it is only one step on the way, but it is the right step on the right ladder.

These women are reconfiguring gender and social dynamics and have started exploring their wider responsibilities as stakeholders and citizens of a polity. However, decentralisation is not easy. The skill levels in impoverished communities are very low.

And in a country where democracy has been established in a top-down manner, a feudal mindset may still prevail. The people may not be aware that the government should be accountable to the people, and not the other way around. A lot of positive changes are coming in better-governed villages.

There are still large swathes where discriminatory traditions continue to dominate. Several factors constrain the effective participation of women leaders, including a lack of basic familiarity with political governance and the absence of legal literacy. Women need to be given adequate advocacy tools to strengthen democratic engagement and gain control over local resources.

Village assemblies are a critical participatory institution in providing equal access to all members of the community to the deliberations and negotiations in local governance. Still, elite control of these bodies has prevented functional democracy from taking root. This is the reason why, in several remote and tribal pockets, Panchayat Raj has failed to enhance the social outcomes for most citizens.

The social pecking order of villages cannot be overturned easily, and several challenges remain to fuller empowerment. Legitimately-elected women representatives remain vulnerable to manipulation and harassment and are often reduced to mere proxies, while the actual decision-making authority remains with their husbands or power brokers from higher castes.

At the policy level, we must understand the structural impediments in the full evolution of Gram Panchayats as functional governance units remain. The Panchayati Raj Act created these bodies but did not endow them with various governance functions like financial authority for the provision of education, health, sanitation, and water.

Instead, the law simply enumerated the functions that could be transferred and left it to the State Legislature to devolve them. There has been very little devolution of authority and functions till now. Gram Sabhas were expected to be the primary legislation of rural governance with responsibilities to catalyse local planning by conducting ‘needs assessment’ exercises and devising plans for development projects aggregated at the panchayat level.

These would become official inputs into the state government’s annual budgeting process when further aggregated and rationalized at the district level. Gram Sabhas did remain a pivotal institution in local planning but had a little real role in governance.

Despite the noble intention, they have struggled to stay relevant. They continue to be plagued by low participation and frequent hijacking by influential interests and have not been able to mature into viable democratic units. The dip in popular participation and weak political will has had significant implications for the future of democratic decentralisation in India.

The heroic stories of tenacious women scripting tales of success are significant signs of a brighter tomorrow. Women’s empowerment is a journey that yields simple policies, not a fixed point.

MOIN QAZI

Source: The Statesman, 17/11/22

A manifesto for social progress

 We are threatened simultaneously by poly-crises from war, climate change, technology, social injustices, and geopolitical rivalries. There is no super prophet available who has the sufficient moral and credible standing to lead us all out of the current wilderness.

We are threatened simultaneously by poly-crises from war, climate change, technology, social injustices, and geopolitical rivalries. There is no super prophet available who has the sufficient moral and credible standing to lead us all out of the current wilderness.

Change is coming so rapidly and bewilderingly from all directions that in a world of specialist experts, each in their own narrow fields, no single person has the breadth and depth of knowledge to explain simply to 8 billion people how to act for social progress.

Young climate activist Greta Thunberg has 2 billion followers, but no concrete plans on how to make change for climate warming. Just saying Net Zero by 2050 is just blah blah blah does not make serious change. In 2018, 300 leading global social scientists (International Panel on Social Progress) worked together to produce a multi-disciplinary three-volume report called “Re-thinking Society for the 21st Century”, considered then the cutting edge thinking on what is social progress and how to achieve it.

Since the report was highly technical, Cambridge University Press brought out a simpler version called A Manifesto for Social Progress: Ideas for a Better Society. Nobel laureate Amartya Sen’s foreword recalled that 170 years ago, the era of social injustices from industrial capitalism produced a Communist Manifesto that claimed “the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.” The new Manifesto argues that social progress can be enhanced through reforms in institutions and behavioral changes. The difference between the two Manifestos is that the newer version is based on the latest empirical data and research.

The core idea of a good society starts from the premise that every human being is entitled to full dignity, irrespective of gender, race, religion, education, talent, and productive capacities. Since human activity is changing the planet (the Age of Anthropocene), humans should be in the driving seat of change. Indeed, the mantra of Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) means that improvements in the environment and addressing social change must involve better governance.

Since governance quality determines the final delivery of social progress, politics is all about how to achieve the three pillars of social equity (reduce inequalities between and within nations), freedom (expand and deepen basic liberties, rule of law, and democratic rights for all populations); and environmental sustainability (preserving the ecosystem for future generations). Conventional thinking about governance is often presented as a binary choice between state versus market.

But in practice, there are many variants of mixed economies and political systems, in which state and markets are symbiotic, simultaneously working and fighting with each other. Whatever modes of governance, all must have bottom-up legitimacy and accountability, in which the link between leaders and communities have feedback mechanisms of empowerment, representation, participation, and deliberations that mobilize change-makers for social progress.

The alternative is social regression. Amidst all the polarisation and contention, the book draws common lessons about social change, which can come from revolution or evolution, depending on the degree of imbalances.

First, deep social change often comes from people, social movements and civil society organisations, rarely from top down.

Second, democratisation and empowerment require the participation of and pressure by those stakeholders who are affected by change.

Third, many experiments are needed to explore how to implement and adapt general ideas to local needs and possibilities for change to be accepted. In short, the consensus of 300 social scientists is that there is no single model, no single recipe for transformation. Social change comes from diversity and openness to different paths to change, but it is important to adapt general principles of human dignity and needs to local contexts and possibilities, and to exclude all forms of dogmatic approaches.

The latest mid-term elections in the United States reflect this complex but deep shift after nearly six years of Trumpian politics that deeply divided the nation. Past mid-term elections have always been against the incumbent party, but this time round, the “red wave” shift back to the Republicans winning both the Senate and the House of Representatives did not happen. The Democrats did well to retain narrowly the Senate and lost narrowly to the Republicans in Congress.

A new Republican leader in Ron DeSantis has emerged as an alternative Republican candidate to Donald Trump for the 2024 Presidential elections. The election results signal that American voters prefer a move towards the centre after years of traumatic polarization. In Bali this month, the success in their respective elections by President Biden and President Xi gave both the mandate to begin to calm down rhetoric after months of escalating US-China tensions. Differences will always exist, because progress comes from continuous work on change from individual to community to national and then global levels.

To expect top leaders of state or corporations alone to do the heavy lifting will not work. The social scientists’ manifest has six ideas to change one’s own life and the world. Climate change is a complex system change, and there is no silver bullet or instant change possible. First, one could change through family, especially listening more to the young. Second, change can come from the workplace, as one contributes through jobs. Third, we can effect change through community.

Fourth, we can change the market through our consumption and savings choices. Fifth, we can be a torch bearer to all we meet by caring and sharing. Lastly, each of us should be an active citizen, open and adaptive to change. Change must take time, which means often painful or tortuous transitions that cannot be avoided. Each generation must make their own mistakes or create their own opportunities for betterment. Change or be changed. This is an opportunity to either make lunch or be lunch.

ANDREW SHENG 

Source: The Statesman, 2011/22

Quote of the Day November 17, 2022

 

“Who are we to decide: what will be the outcome of our actions? It is God’s domain. We are just simply responsible for the actions.”
Geeta

“हम अपने कार्यों के परिणाम का निर्णय करने वाले कौन हैं? यह तो भगवान का कार्यक्षेत्र है। हम तो एकमात्र कर्म करने के लिए उत्तरदायी हैं।”
गीता

Let's Not Reject New Learnings About Human Behaviour.

 Many of us claim to be genuine seekers of new knowledge. But how good are we in absorbing new knowledge? Let’s take the example of human behaviour. There is no doubt that policymakers are keen to find new ways to manage our behaviour, be it be how to make people drive safely or ensure that citizens take their much-needed vaccinations in time. In the past few decades, lots of new knowledge has emerged that could help develop new strategies to deal with many behaviour-related problems. But much of this new knowledge about human behaviour have not been absorbed by policymakers and practitioners. Why? Gerald Zaltman, professor emeritus at Harvard Business School, was among the first in recent times to put forth genuinely new knowledge about human behaviour. In his 2003 book, How Customers Think, Professor Zaltman announced that more than 95% of human decisions occur at the non-conscious level. He pointed out that existing tools of consumer research, like focus group techniques and questionnaires, tap only 5% of the human decisions that are conscious. He went on to propose a new consumer research technique called Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique ( ZMET) to decipher many more decisions made at a non-conscious level.

A paper titled ‘The Nervous System in the Context of Information Theory’ by M. Zimmerman went few steps further. He pointed out that of the human brain’s 16 million bits of processing capacity, only 77 bits work at a conscious level. More than 99.99% of brain processes, according to the paper, occur at a non-conscious level, and so consciousness has a very small role to play in human decision making. While human consciousness deals with a tiny proportion of all incoming stimuli, the rest is processed at the non-conscious level, which is more than 200,000 times the capacity of the conscious.

An experiment by the late Benjamin Libet at the University of California, San Francisco, took the importance of our non-conscious processes to another level. He instructed participants to flick their wrists whenever they felt like it. Electrodes fitted in their heads detected fluctuations in electrical activity, indicating ‘readiness potential’, almost half a second before people made their flicking motion. But participants became aware of their intention to move only about 200 milliseconds before doing so. This led to the conclusion that their brains had decided on action before they became aware of it. In essence, non-conscious brain processes were in the driver’s seat.

More recent studies using functional MRI suggest that non-conscious triggers for human decisions occur even earlier. In research published in 2013, neuroscientist John-Dylan Haynes of the Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin had volunteers decide whether to add or subtract two numbers while under an fMRI scanner. They found patterns of neural activity that were predictive of the study subjects’ behaviour four seconds before those subjects were aware of making the choice.

Many interesting results from recent studies of the brain’s non-conscious processes have emerged from the field of sports. Neuroscientists have figured out that decisions, whether it’s while playing cricket, baseball or tennis, are made in a matter of milliseconds, and thus below our thresholds of consciousness. Studying these decisions that happen within milliseconds can be extrapolated to better understand the decision making processes of a driver on the road, or those of an e-commerce consumer online.

While all this new knowledge about our non-conscious calls was being generated, there were further experiments to establish the reduced role of consciousness in human decision-making. Cognitive psychologists Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris showed that when people focus hard on something consciously, say, counting the passes made by a basketball team, they become blind even to an unexpected sight, such as a gorilla dancing on the court right in front of them. This famous experiment reiterated the fact that the conscious brain can do only one thing at a time.

Shankar Vedantam, in his book The Hidden Brain: How Our Unconscious Minds Elect Presidents, Control Markets, Wage Wars, and Save Our Lives, writes: “The new understanding of human behaviour constitutes a revolution no less intriguing—and perhaps more powerful than the discovery that the sun really does not revolve around the earth." New knowledge about human behaviour is not just an incremental change to our existing knowledge base. It is a paradigm shift. So ideally, all our existing research methodologies must change. Our existing communication strategies have to change, and not just incrementally, but fundamentally.

Thomas Kuhn, the philosopher of science who spawned the trendy term ‘paradigm’, reminds us that “a new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it." This is just a reminder how difficult it is to get people to accept new knowledge, even if it is a well-established biological reality.

How many more lives must we lose to road accidents and how many more people should hesitate to take their vaccinations before policymakers realize that their traditional assumptions of human behaviour are fundamentally faulty? When will policymakers and professionals start embracing the new understanding of human behaviour? The wait continues.

Biju Dominic is chief evangelist, Fractal Analytics, and chairman, FinalMile Consulting. 

Meghalaya: Wangala100 drums Festival

 The 46^th edition of the Wangala Festival commenced on November 10 this year.

What is Wangala Festival?

Wangala Festival is a popular festival of the Garo community in Meghalaya. It is also known as a 100 drums festival. It is a harvest festival that honors the Garo tribe’s main deity, Saljong – the Sun god of fertility. The celebrations of this festival mark the start of the winter season and the end of the period of toil, which brings profitable outputs.

Presently, this festival is seen as a means to preserve and promote the cultural identity of the Garo tribe in Meghalaya. It provides the opportunity for Garos to showcase their culture and traditions. During the 2022 celebrations, tourists from France, Gujarat, Bengaluru, Kerala, Assam, Sikkim, and other places witnessed this festival.

How is the festival celebrated?

The celebrations usually last for two days and sometimes continue for over a week. Rugala (pouring of rice beer) and Cha·chat So·a (incense burning) are the rituals performed during the first day of the festival. They are performed by a priest known as Kamal inside the house of the Nokma (chieftain).

The second day of the festival, known as Kakkat, is when people dress in their colorful attire and play traditional music on long oval-shaped drums. Traditional dance forms are also performed during this festival.

Dama Gogata – the dance with drums, flutes, and various brass instruments – is performed on the last day of the festival. Katta Doka (talking in a singing style), Ajea, Dani Doka (describing Wangala by singing), Chambil Mesaa (the Pomelo Dance) feature during the celebrations.

Who are the Garo?

The Garo are Tibeto-Burman ethnic tribe who mainly live in the Indian states of Meghalaya, Assam, Tripura, and Nagaland as well as in the nearby regions in Bangladesh. The religion of the tribe’s ancestors is known as Songsarek. Their language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family. It is not traditionally written down. The tribe’s customs, traditions and beliefs are passed down orally.

6 Tips to Ace Your Dissertation Paper: An expert step-by-step guide

 In an increasingly globalised world, shaped and controlled by rampant digital technology and market forces, abundant misinformation over data and confusion about what to choose for ourselves has become very prominent. The present education system is in search of ways to inculcate analytical skills in our learners. The ability to look at things from different positions and perspectives will be a much sought-after skill in the future. Writing is always an act of harnessing more clarity, and as such, writing a dissertation paper can be one such way to prepare our learners for the future.

Importance of dissertation writing

Dissertations are vital not just for the creation and dissemination of new knowledge but also to keep oneself updated about the chosen field of study. It is a double-edged tool in the sense that it provides an in-depth awareness of a particular topic and enables researchers to find problems, while also enabling them to problematise the present context and look at something from different perspectives. For example, Sir Isaac Newton’s famous dictum, “If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants”, points to the insights he gathered from the existing knowledge system.

Dissertations are useful to analyse the present situation and offer a better framework or tool to understand the challenges faced by society, nation(s), or international establishments. Let’s take a look at six essential tips to ace your dissertations:

1. Start with a Question

I always say that questions are seeds of life. They are vital to our understanding of the phenomena around us. A good question leads to creative activity, frameworks for generations to follow, providing impetus to society and nation, even the global world. A perfect example could be the discovery of gravitational law. It was always there but no one knew of it until Thomas Newton discovered it for the world by questioning the fall of the apple. Questions must precede any human activity, and dissertations as well. They need to connect with the dissertation analysis in mind for new possibilities and findings.

2. Identifying a topic

One must have a purpose behind writing a dissertation. A lack of purpose will make it increasingly difficult to identify a topic, find materials, and establish facts, not to mention the challenge faced in framing a working hypothesis for the dissertation. One must never go for a broad dissertation topic; it must be precise and new. It always works better if the dissertation topic matches the researcher’s interests to avoid the push-and-pull play during the writing work. Identification of a topic leads to analysing reviews of available research work on that topic, visualising the pathway that one has tread, thus helping any researcher to arrive at a hypothesis and proceed with the journey of dissertation writing. The best way to identify a topic is to problematise the available findings.

3. Introduction and Hypothesis

Treat the introduction part of the dissertation as a window that offers your audience an opportunity to see what the work has to offer. Hence, it must clearly mention aims, objectives, and research questions, leading to the establishment of a hypothesis towards the end.

A hypothesis is a research statement, also known as visaya (statement) in the Indian knowledge system. In simple words, a statement must qualify to serve as a hypothesis to be tested through research in the dissertation. The caveat is not to draw too many hypotheses in any dissertation, which then runs the risk of formulating unconvincing and opposite arguments to the established hypothesis. The analysis of the research work must remain singularly focussed on the hypothesis, thus establishing the provenance of the data used. Hence, it is advisable to keep a check on validating/invaliding outcomes.

Also, it is advisable to specify the relevance of the hypothesis–in what ways it differs from the existing scholarship, and its contributions to societal context, if any. Good dissertations must make an appeal to the audience with convincing arguments. It is always more welcoming if the dissertation is done keeping others’ needs in mind, and not as an individual exercise.

4. Literature Review

This is the most crucial part of any dissertation work. The literature review is an exhaustive exercise and may lead to a sense of complacency. While it is important to research old works on the chosen topic, it is equally important to keep a track of the latest available research work. Many dissertations seem to suffer from this problem and end up offering arguments which have already been advanced, may be beaten to death, and thus end up as unoriginal dissertations. The literature review helps us to identify unresolved questions, establishing the newness of our work, and hence it is like a canvas on which the dissertation could offer innovative insights. Make use of it. Therefore, this section must demonstrate convincing arguments in a balanced way. A neutral voice is vital to avoid any display of prejudices and preconceived notions.

5. Methodology

The methodology is a concise explanation of frameworks and pathways that the dissertation will work on and follow to establish the provenance of the hypothesis. The term methodology has its genesis in the Greek word, methodos, a compound of meta-hodos, which means “journey after”. Hence, the methodology section in the dissertation must focus on using available data, resources, and theories to build new ones. The basic idea of methodology is to help one get across. The methodology must always remain in conversation with the dissertation hypothesis, while also pointing out the relevance of the chosen methodology.

6. Conclusion

Dissertations need to have a conclusion to establish the results of the findings. The conclusion section must be short, precise and to the point, not resulting in several findings. It must establish the provenance of the research question/hypothesis. The section must follow with a Bibliography, and all the citations should go here to avoid any charges of plagiarism.

About the author: Om Prakash Dwivedi is presently a Visiting Researcher at Linnaeus University, Sweden.

Source: The Telegraph, 17/11/22