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Tuesday, October 03, 2023

Katalin Karikó, Drew Weissman win Nobel Prize in Medicine for role in Covid-19 vaccines

 

Nobel Prize 2023 in Medicine: Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman win Nobel for mRNA vaccine breakthroughs against COVID-19.


Nobel Prize 2023 in Medicine: Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman were jointly awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine on Monday for their groundbreaking contributions to the development of highly effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. The prestigious recognition underscores the critical role of their discoveries related to nucleoside base modifications in enabling the rapid creation of these vaccines during the pandemic.

The official statement said the transformative impact of the Nobel Laureates' findings on how mRNA interacts with the immune system, led to the unprecedented pace of vaccine development during one of the most significant health crises in recent history.

Vaccination triggers the formation of an immune response against specific pathogens, providing the body with a crucial defence mechanism in the face of future exposure.

Who is Katalin Karikó?

Katalin Karikó, born in 1955 in Szolnok, Hungary, earned her PhD from Szeged University in 1982. She conducted postdoctoral research at institutions including the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temple University in Philadelphia, and the University of Health Science in Bethesda.

In 1989, she became an Assistant Professor at the University of Pennsylvania, later assuming leadership roles at BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals.

Since 2021, she has held the position of Professor at Szeged University and Adjunct Professor at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.

Who is Drew Weissman?

Drew Weissman, born in 1959 in Lexington, Massachusetts, USA, obtained his MD and PhD degrees from Boston University in 1987. He underwent clinical training at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center at Harvard Medical School and completed postdoctoral research at the National Institutes of Health.

In 1997, Weissman established his research group at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, where he currently serves as the Roberts Family Professor in Vaccine Research and the Director of the Penn Institute for RNA Innovations.

What are Nobel Prizes?

These annual Nobel Prizes, spanning physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace, originate from the will of Alfred Nobel, the Swedish dynamite inventor who passed away in 1896. In 1968, Sweden's central bank introduced the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. The Nobel laureates for these esteemed awards are unveiled in Stockholm throughout October, with the exception of the Peace Prize, which is determined by the Norwegian Nobel Committee in Oslo.

Source: Hindustan Times, 02/10/23

Bihar caste survey data released: A look at the complicated history of caste surveys

 

Every Census in independent India from 1951 to 2011 has published data on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, but not on other castes. Before that, every Census until 1931 had data on caste.


The Bihar government has released the results of its recently concluded survey of castes in the state, which reveals that Other Backward Classes (OBCs) and Extremely Backward Classes (EBCs) constitute more than 63% of the population of Bihar.

CM Nitish Kumar congratulated the entire team involved in the caste survey process and said: “Resolution on caste-based survey was passed in the Bihar legislature through consensus. Nine political parties had taken a call in the Bihar Assembly on the state government bearing expenses of the caste survey.

The survey has not only considered one’s caste but also one’s economic status, which would help us devise further policies and plans for the development of all classes.”

What kind of caste data is published in the Census?

Every Census in independent India from 1951 to 2011 has published data on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, but not on other castes. Before that, every Census until 1931 had data on caste.However, in 1941, caste-based data was collected but not published. M W M Yeats, the then Census Commissioner, said a note: “There would have been no all India caste table… The time is past for this enormous and costly table as part of the central undertaking…” This was during World War II.

In the absence of such a census, there is no proper estimate for the population of OBCs, various groups within the OBCs, and others. The Mandal Commission estimated the OBC population at 52%, some other estimates have been based on National Sample Survey data, and political parties make their own estimates in states and Lok Sabha and Assembly seats during elections.

How often has the demand for a caste census been made?

It comes up before almost every Census, as records of debates and questions raised in Parliament show. The demand usually comes from among those belonging to Other Backward Classes (OBC) and other deprived sections, while sections from the upper castes oppose the idea. This time, however, things have been quite different. With Census 2021 delayed several times, the Opposition parties have made the loudest cry for a caste census as they seem to have converged on “social justice” as their slogan and glue. Earlier this year, while campaigning in Karnataka, Congress leader Rahul Gandhi said the Narendra Modi government should reveal the data of the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) conducted under the UPA-II government. Moreover, he called for a caste census and for the removal of the 50% cap on SC/ST/OBC reservations.

In July 2021, Union Minister of State for Home Affairs Nityanand Rai said in response to a question in Lok Sabha: “The Government of India has decided as a matter of policy not to enumerate caste-wise population other than SCs and STs in Census.”

Before this statement, Nityanand Rai had told the Rajya Sabha in March 2021: “The Union of India after Independence, decided as a matter of policy not to enumerate caste-wise population other than SCs and STs.”

But on August 31, 2018, following a meeting chaired by then Home Minister Rajnath Singh that reviewed preparations for Census 2021, the Press Information Bureau stated in a statement: “It is also envisaged to collect data on OBC for the first time.”

When The Indian Express filed an RTI request asking for the minutes of the meeting, the Office of Registrar General of India (ORGI) responded: “Records of deliberations in ORGI prior to MHA (Ministry of Home Affairs) announcement on August 31, 2018, to collect data on OBC is not maintained. There was not issued any minutes of the meeting.”

Where did the UPA stand on this?

In 2010, then Law Minister Veerappa Moily wrote to then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh calling for the collection of caste/community data in Census 2011. On March 1, 2011, during a short-duration discussion in Lok Sabha, Home Minister P Chidambaram spoke of several “vexed questions”: “There is a Central list of OBCs and State-specific list of OBCs. Some States do not have a list of OBCs; some StateThe Registrar General has also pointed out that there are certain open-ended categories in the lists such as orphans and destitute children. Names of some castes are found in both the list of Scheduled Castes and the list of OBCs. Scheduled Castes converted to Christianity or Islam are also treated differently in different States. The status of a migrant from one State to another and the status of children of inter-caste marriage, in terms of caste classification, are also vexed questions.”

What happened to the SECC data, then?

With an approved cost of Rs 4,893.60 crore, the SECC was conducted by the Ministry of Rural Development in rural areas and the Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation in urban areas. The SECC data excluding caste data was finalised and published by the two ministries in 2016.s have a list of OBCs and a sub-set called Most Backward Classes.

The raw caste data was handed over to the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, which formed an Expert Group under former NITI Aayog Vice-Chairperson Arvind Pangaria for classification and categorisation of data. It is not clear whether it submitted its report; no such report has been made public.

The report of a Parliamentary Committee on Rural Development presented to the Lok Sabha Speaker on August 31, 2016, noted about SECC: “The data has been examined and 98.87 per cent data on individuals’ caste and religion is error free. ORGI has noted the incidence of errors with respect to 1,34,77,030 individuals out of the total SECC population of 118,64,03,770. States have been advised to take corrective measures.”

What is the contrary view?

The RSS has not made any statements on a caste census in a while now, but has opposed the idea earlier. On May 24, 2010, when the debate on the subject had peaked ahead of Census 2011, then RSS sar-karyawah Suresh Bhaiyaji Joshi had said in a statement from Nagpur: “We are not against registering categories, but we oppose registering castes.” He had said a caste-based census is against the idea of a casteless society envisaged by leaders like Babasaheb Ambedkar in the Constitution and will weaken ongoing efforts to create social harmony.

Source: Indian Express, 3/10/23


Tuesday, September 26, 2023

Quote of the Day

 

“A life lived in fear is half lived.”
Anonymous
“डर में जीना आधा जीवित रहने जैसा है।”
अज्ञात

Economic & Political Weekly: Table of Contents

 

Vol. 58, Issue No. 38, 23 Sep, 2023

Editorials

Comment

From 25 Years Ago

From 50 Years Ago

Law and Society

Commentary

Book Reviews

Special Articles

Document

Current Statistics

Postscript

Letters

Current Affairs- September 24, 2023

 

INDIA

  • Mobile Internet service was restored after 140 days of suspension in ethnic violence-hit Manipur.
  • Agriculture scientist Swati Nayak became the third Indian agriculture scientist to win the prestigious Norman E. Borlaug Award for 2023.
  • An online self-learning course in Indian Sign Language and a dictionary containing 10,000 ISL terms were launched on the International Day of Sign Languages.
  • India achieves Sanitation milestone as 75% Villages are now ODF Plus under Swachh Bharat Mission – Grameen.
  • 6th Edition of the ‘NeSDA – Way Forward Monthly Report for States/UTs’ were released.
  • The National Health Authority (NHA) is organising ‘Arogya Manthan’ to celebrate 5 years of Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY and 2 years of Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission.
  • The maiden edition of ‘Bharatiya Prakash Sthamb Utsav’ or Indian Lighthouse Festival was inaugurated in Panjim, Goa.

ECONOMY & CORPORATE

  • PhonePe announced the launch of Indus Appstore developer platform, as a Made-in-India app store.
  • I-T department asked taxpayers to respond to its intimation regarding outstanding demands of previous years.
  • TATA Projects has been awarded a contract by Micron Technology to construct the semiconductor assembly and test plant in Sanand, Gujarat.
  • TRAI has issued recommendations for bolstering telecom infrastructure in Northeast.

WORLD

  • Over 300 leading Uighur intellectuals have been jailed since Xi Jinping came to power in 2013: Rights Groups.
  • 95 million Pakistanis are under poverty and Poverty in Pakistan shot up to 39.4% as of last fiscal year says World Bank.

SPORTS

  • The opening ceremony of the 19th Asian Games was organised at Hangzhou, China.
  • Afghan women arrived for the first Asian Games since the Taliban regained control of Afghanistan.

Current Affairs-September 25, 2023

 

INDIA

  • Parliamentary Standing Committee on Education: Multiple entry, exit option in higher studies may not suit India.
  • The Defence Procurement Board (DPB) discussed the Navy’s proposal for acquiring a second Vikrant-like aircraft carrier.
  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi flagged off nine Vande Bharat trains connecting religious and tourist destinations across 11 States.
  • Parliamentary Standing Committee asks government to monitor activities of ESIC.
  • Goa government recently approved the ‘Goa State Shack Policy 2023-2026’.

ECONOMY & CORPORATE

  • Moody’s Investors Service flagged concerns about security and privacy vulnerabilities in centralised identification systems such as India’s Aadhaar.
  • FPIs outflow in equities crosses Rs 10,000 crore mark in September on rising US interest rates.
  • Under Centre’s Agro Processing Clusters scheme, only 2 out of 70 projects complete.

WORLD

  • NASA’s first asteroid samples land on earth after release from spacecraft.
  • China bars 3 Indian athletes from Arunachal Pradesh to travel for the ongoing Asian Games.
  • The Indian and US armies will kick-start a two-week war game in Alaska.

SPORTS

  • Max Verstappen wins the Japanese Grand Prix; his 13th win secures team title for Red Bull.
  • Lightweight Men’s Double Sculls Team wins the first medal for India, a silver at Asian Games 2022.
  • Ramita, Mehuli Ghosh, and Ashi Chouksey secure Silver Medal in the 10m Air Rifle Women’s team event at Asian Games.

Will social media end society as we know it?

 or humans to exist as a society there must be harmony among people even when they disagree on most topics. At the very least there must be laws to ensure peaceful co-existence and enforcement of those laws including appropriate punishments for violators.

Next in order of priorities come trade, infrastructure, education, employment opportunities, healthcare, etc. The key to achieving this harmony is for every member of society to behave in a civilized way and that means being diplomatic and careful in what one says. We human beings are continually thinking of something every moment, both good and bad. It can be driven by our senses such as thoughts of food, music, physical pleasure, etc. or spiritual thoughts. It can be driven by envy, joy, sadness and worry for loved ones.

However, we cannot express every one of those thoughts to others because such sharing can not only reveal who we really are but can also lead to unpleasant situations or unnecessary distractions. Our society is almost like a circus where we perform like trained animals and control our natural instincts. We are trained to be polite, inoffensive, in control of our emotions, wellgroomed and clean in public appearance, soft-spoken in our conversations and to think before we open our mouths.

Any kind of physical altercation is forbidden even when the other person is saying something that is insulting or provocative. If one does not like circus animals and really wants to see how animals behave one must go to the jungle where they roam free following their instincts.

They fiercely protect their territories, hunt other animals for food, kill other animals if threatened and the air is full of their roars and growling. There are no forces to control them. Human beings might become just like those animals if they do not follow the protocol of society. In fact, primitive human species were just like animals before they gradually became “social”. With the advances in technology, especially telecommunications, came social media.

The technology itself is mind-boggling. A small hand-held device, called a smartphone, provides the entire universe at one’s fingertip. It is not just a phone, but a device to store a telephone directory, to transmit video and photos, to communicate in writing (texting), to provide a portal for the internet and also a camera, an alarm clock with timer, an electronic key, a gaming machine, a calculator, a weather gauge, a GPS navigator; it can probably do a host of other functions I do not even know.

Among numerous conveniences a smartphone offers is the possibility of interacting with a group of people one knows – either large or small – individually or in a simultaneous group communication; furthermore, such communications can be done almost instantaneously. There is no need to log on to a computer, look for email addresses or phone numbers or wait for some other tasks. Finally, one can use an alias and remain anonymous to protect one’s privacy. Facebook was my first experience in social media. Initially, it was exciting to find long-lost friends and relatives and re-establish connections with them, including exchanging photos after years if not decades.

There was also a temptation to see how large a group of friends I could establish and how many would respond favourably to my posts. Perhaps I had a hidden desire to be popular. After a while I realized that there were not a whole lot of commonalities in my life with the lives of my Facebook friends and not much to talk about because lives have progressed along different paths and people also change with time. While I temporarily enjoyed the nostalgia, I inadvertently disclosed lots of information about my personal life to not just my friends but also to Mark Zuckerberg and the company. I got out of Facebook. I never developed any interest in Twitter, Instagram, Snap Chat, Tik Tok and all other such means of social interaction.

I gradually became aware of the detrimental effects of social media on people, especially young kids. The main problem is that one can write one’s deepest thoughts about any given subject. One does not need to think about it too much. It is addictive and hence disruptive because it takes one away from useful tasks. While it can be used to organize a team for a good cause, it can also be used for organizing destructive activities such as protests, riots, bullying and criminal activities. An idle mind is the Devil’s workshop.

It can be dangerous to young kids both emotionally and physically. One can be exposed to the dark side. They can try daring acts for the sake of publicity and popularity which can lead to injury and death. Addiction to social media can lead to isolation and social awkwardness because kids may find interaction through social media more enjoyable than personal communications. Secondly, social media allows people to express their intimate thoughts on any topic instantaneously to everyone in the world without much thought about the consequences. The results could be destructive. Some people can get offended and angry; the resulting animosity can destroy long-term friendships.

Family secrets might be revealed resulting in embarrassment if nothing else. Gossip, conspiracy theories and misinformation can spread and become “viral”, affecting a large portion of the population. Postings filled with hatred about race, sexual preference or political affiliation can lead to bad feelings if not violent behavior. The reason so many people came to hate Donald Trump was his tendency to tweet his raw innermost emotions almost on a daily basis without taking time to think about how his comments would impact all people and not just his base.

Social media can also be used directly for anti-social purposes; for example, a recent trend is to post antimarriage messages and memes advocating all the benefits of single life. Unlike other means of communication in the past, there is a sense of empowerment among users of social media because they believe that they can hide behind aliases. As a result, nothing is sacred or off-limit. Social media also encourages an easy path to popularity and fame and has led to the concept of “influencers” who can also earn big money depending on their activities and how many followers they have. Unlike verbal comments over the phone, any message on social media is permanently recorded; they can be deleted but leave an electronic track behind.

Furthermore, one has no control over messages once they have been communicated and the receptors can relay them to any number of people all over the world. Not only personal financial and health information but politically sensitive information or even national security secrets can inadvertently leak out, providing hackers with a gold mine. Dominance of social media will make society less friendly and more confrontational; more preoccupied with conspiracy theories and misinformation. This might be the beginning of the end of human society as we know it. However, I do not think that humans will go back to being animals.

The grand finale would be for AI to take over because every communication would be documented and electronically traceable, which AI can process in milliseconds. AI will know how everyone thinks and feels. We will just pretend to live in a make-believe society which will no longer be in our control.

BASAB DASGUPTA

Source: The statesman, 24/09/23