“It is fine to celebrate success but it is more important to heed the lessons of failure.”
Bill Gates
“सफलता की खुशियां मनाना ठीक है लेकिन असफलताओं से सबक सीखना अधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण है।”
बिल गेट्स
Wednesday, December 20, 2023
Quote of the Day December 20, 2023
What is “The Great Unconformity”?
Scientists have recently made significant strides in understanding “The Great Unconformity,” a geological phenomenon characterized by missing sections of the Earth’s crust in the geological record. This mysterious gap has now been linked to intense glacial erosion during a period known as “Snowball Earth.”
Glacial Erosion and Sedimentary Record Gap
The process of glacial erosion during the ancient “Snowball Earth” period played a pivotal role in creating a substantial gap in the sedimentary record. First observed in 1869 at the Grand Canyon in Arizona, this geological anomaly was identified by experts who noticed a sudden change in the age of rocks, a pattern found globally. Recent studies estimate that 3-5 kilometers of rock were eroded globally due to glacial activity, leaving a billion cubic kilometers of pre-Cambrian material missing from the records.
Extensive Erosion Before the Phanerozoic Era
The proposed theory suggests that more extensive erosion occurred before the Phanerozoic era than previously believed. The Phanerozoic, spanning from 538.8 million years ago to the present, is the current geological eon. Evidence, including isotopes of hafnium and oxygen found in crystals from that era, supports the idea that these materials were eroded from old rock and deposited at low temperatures. The theory also explains the scarcity of asteroid craters older than 700 million years.
Glacial Transport to the Sea
Researchers argue that the glaciers responsible for eroding sedimentary rocks also transported them to the sea. This insight provides a plausible explanation for the current whereabouts of the missing rocks. The discovery not only enhances our understanding of Earth’s ancient history but also sheds light on the dynamic processes that have shaped the planet’s geological landscape.
What are Plastic Rocks?
A new and peculiar type of rock, containing plastics, has been discovered globally, underscoring the alarming extent of plastic pollution. These plastic rocks, found in 11 countries across five continents, result from the compression of rock and discarded plastic polymers. Here’s what you need to know about this concerning environmental issue.
Identification and Global Presence
These unique rocks, referred to as “plastistones,” “plastiglomerate,” “plasticrust,” and other terms, have been identified on coastlines and inland in various countries. Geologist Patricia Corcoran first reported “plastiglomerate” in Hawaii nearly a decade ago, and since then, they have been found in diverse environments.
Formation Mechanisms
Plastistones can form through various mechanisms, including burning during campfires or waste burning, physical adherence to rocks through wave action, and the chemical binding of plastic and rock material due to sunlight irradiation. These processes highlight the multifaceted nature of plastic rock formation.
Global Plastic Pollution
The discovery of plastistones serves as a stark reminder of the global plastic pollution crisis. Humans contribute approximately 22-48 million metric tonnes of plastic to the environment annually. The mass of plastic deposited has substantial geological significance, and the issue is becoming increasingly complex.
Environmental and Ecological Impact
Plastic rocks alter microbial communities within the soil and nearby environments, impacting local ecosystems. The phenomenon poses ecological risks, with lower microbial diversity observed in plastistones compared to adjacent soil. The release of microplastics from plastistones is a significant concern, spreading across the environment and potentially affecting marine life and humans.
Long-Term Presence
Plastistones are expected to persist as part of natural geographical processes, particularly in areas with high plastic pollution. They are likely to increase in locations such as cities, agricultural soils, and plastic waste dumping sites. The long-term environmental implications of plastistones remain a subject of ongoing research.
Health Concerns
The shedding of microplastics from plastistones poses health risks as these tiny particles have the potential to enter the food chain. Microplastics released into the ocean may reach higher trophic levels, impacting marine mammals and humans through edible fish. The complexity of the plastic pollution problem highlights the need for comprehensive solutions and increased awareness.
Who is a citizen, who is an ‘illegal immigrant’: Questions before SC in Assam Citizenship Act case
The ongoing hearing by a bench headed by Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud will involve questions of citizenship, “illegal immigrants” and rights of “indigenous Assamese” citizens in Assam
A five-judge Constitution bench of the Supreme Court, on December 5, began hearing pleas challenging Section 6A of the Citizenship Act,which was introduced in the statute following the signing of the Assam Accord.
Signed in 1985, between the Rajiv Gandhi government and the All Assam Students’ Union, the Accord culminated a six-year-long agitation against the entry of migrants from Bangladesh into Assam.
Crucially, the ongoing hearing by a bench headed by Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud will involve questions of citizenship, “illegal immigrants” and rights of “indigenous Assamese” citizens in Assam .
What is the challenge?
The plea before the Constitutional bench challenges one of the core elements of the Accord — which determines who is a foreigner in the state. This was also the basis of the final National Register of Citizens in Assam, published in 2019. Clause 5 of the Assam Accord states that January 1, 1966 shall serve as the base cut-off date for the detection and deletion of “foreigners” but it also contains provisions for the regularisation of those who arrived in the state after that date and up till March 24, 1971.
Section 6A of the Citizenship Act was inserted as an amendment to accommodate this. It effectively establishes March 24, 1971 as the cut-off date for entry into the state, meaning that those entering the state after that would be considered “illegal immigrants”. While those who came to Assam on or after January 1, 1966, but before March 25, 1971 from Bangladesh will be detected as “foreigners”, they would have the opportunity to register themselves according to rules made by the Central Government. Except for being included in electoral rolls, they would be granted the same rights and obligations as Indian citizens for a period of 10 years from the date they were detected as foreigners. At the end of this ten-year period, however, they would be deemed citizens.
Why is Section 6A under challenge?
The plea before the bench, while questioning the constitutional validity of Section 6A, wants 1951 to be established as the cut-off date for inclusion in the National Register of Citizens instead of 1971. The primary petitioner is the Assam Sanmilita Mahasangha (ASM) — an organisation which says it advocates for the rights of “indigenous” communities of Assam.
Their core argument is that by establishing a different cut-off date for Indian citizenship in Assam than in the rest of India — which is July 1948 — Section 6 A is “discriminatory, arbitrary and illegal” and violative of the rights of “indigenous” Assamese people.
Their petition, which was filed in 2012, states that “the application of Section 6A to the State of Assam alone has led to a perceptible change in the demographic pattern of the State and has reduced the people of Assam to a minority in their own State. The same is detrimental to the economic and political well-being of the State and acts as a potent force against the cultural survival, political control and employment opportunities of the people.”
When the final NRC in Assam was released in 2019, the Working President of the ASM Matiur Rahman said that the body is looking to an order passed by a two-judge bench led by then CJI Ranjan Gogoi as a possibility that the NRC can be updated according to the terms requested to them.
The order, passed on December 13, 2019 states, “We make it clear that subject to orders as may be passed by the Constitution Bench in Writ Petition (C) No.562 of 2012 and Writ Petition (C) No.311 of 2015, National Register of Citizens (NRC) will be updated.”
“By settling on the date of Bangladesh’s independence in violation of the Constitution, the AASU has gone against the indigenous tribes of Assam by favouring the 70-80 lakh Hindu and Muslim Bengalis and Nepalis who fled from East Pakistan over the course of those years and illegally occupied the lands of indigenous tribes and government lands,” Rahman said.
What are the constitutional issues involved?
While hearing the 2012 plea by the ASM, a two-judge bench of Justices Ranjan Gogoi and Rohinton had framed 13 questions on Section 6A for deliberation by a constitutional bench, in an order passed on December 17, 2014.
- Whether Articles 10 and 11 of the Constitution of India permit the enactment of Section 6A of the Citizenship Act in as much as Section 6A, in prescribing a cut-off date different from the cut-off date prescribed in Article 6, can do so without a “variation” of Article 6 itself; regard, in particular, being had to the phraseology of Article 4 (2) read with Article 368 (1)?
- Whether Section 6A violates Articles 325 and 326 of the Constitution of India in that it has diluted the political rights of the citizens of the State of Assam;
- What is the scope of the fundamental right contained in Article 29(1)? Is the fundamental right absolute in its terms? In particular, what is the meaning of the expression “culture” and the expression “conserve”? Whether Section 6A violates Article 29(1)?
- Whether Section 6A violates Article 355? What is the true interpretation of Article 355 of the Constitution? Would an influx of illegal migrants into a State of India constitute “external aggression” and/or “internal disturbance”? Does the expression “State” occurring in this Article refer only to a territorial region or does it also include the people living in the State, which would include their culture and identity?
- Whether Section 6A violates Article 14 in that, it singles out Assam from other border States (which comprise a distinct class) and discriminates against it. Also whether there is no rational basis for having a separate cut-off date for regularizing illegal migrants who enter Assam as opposed to the rest of the country; and
- Whether Section 6A violates Article 21 in that the lives and personal liberty of the citizens of Assam have been affected adversely by the massive influx of illegal migrants from Bangladesh.
- Whether delay is a factor that can be taken into account in moulding relief under a petition filed under Article 32 of the Constitution?
- Whether, after a large number of migrants from East Pakistan have enjoyed rights as Citizens of India for over 40 years, any relief can be given in the petitions filed in the present cases?
- Whether section 6A violates the basic premise of the Constitution and the Citizenship Act in that it permits Citizens who have allegedly not lost their Citizenship of East Pakistan to become deemed Citizens of India, thereby conferring dual Citizenship to such persons?
- Whether section 6A violates the fundamental basis of section 5 (1) proviso and section 5 (2) of the Citizenship Act (as it stood in 1985) in that it permits a class of migrants to become deemed Citizens of India without any reciprocity from Bangladesh and without taking the oath of allegiance to the Indian Constitution?
- Whether the Immigrants (Expulsion from Assam) Act, 1950 being a special enactment qua immigrants into Assam, alone can apply to migrants from East Pakistan/Bangladesh to the exclusion of the general Foreigners Act and the Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964 made thereunder?
- Whether Section 6A violates the Rule of Law in that it gives way to political expediency and not to Government according to law?
- Whether Section 6A violates fundamental rights in that no mechanism is provided to determine which persons are ordinarily resident in Assam since the dates of their entry into Assam, thus granting deemed citizenship to such persons arbitrarily?
Source: Indian Express, 8/12/23
Tuesday, December 12, 2023
Quote of the Day December 12, 2023
“If you wait to do everything until you're sure it's right, you'll probably never do much of anything.”
Win Borden
“अगर आप कदम उठाने से पहले सब सुनिश्चित करने की प्रतीक्षा करते है, तो संभव है कि आप कभी ज्यादा कुछ कर ही न पाएं.”
विन बॉर्डेन
YUVAi: Empowering Youth for AI Innovation and Social Impact
YUVAi, an initiative by the National e-Governance Division (NeGD), Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY), and Intel India, is set to feature prominently at the upcoming Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) Summit. This collaborative program focuses on equipping students from class 8 to 12 with essential AI skills, fostering a deeper understanding of AI, and encouraging them to become human-centric designers and users of AI.
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