Monday, February 19, 2024
Revised Community Radio Station Guidelines
On February 13, 2024, marking World Radio Day, India’s Minister of Information and Broadcasting Anurag Singh Thakur released new policy guidelines for expanding community radio stations across the country. The guidelines were unveiled at the two-day Regional Community Radio Sammelan conference held in Delhi and attended by stakeholders from the broadcasting industry.
Key Features
The revised community radio guidelines introduce major changes to enable growth of this localized broadcasting medium.
- Institutional Ownership
A key provision increases the limit of community radio stations one institute can set up from one to six stations across various districts. This allows established organizations to launch multiple community stations catering to diverse regions and enhancing outreach.
- Advertising Duration and Revenue
The guidelines significantly boost the monetization potential for community radio by hiking the allowed advertising duration from 7 minutes to 12 minutes per hour. Simultaneously, the base rate for 10 second advertising spots goes up from ₹52 to ₹74. This greatly expands revenue sources to make community radio operations more sustainable.
- Simplified Licensing
The new guidelines also ease operational challenges regarding permissions, licensing and clearances for setting up community radio stations. A web portal for processing applications and approvals is being introduced to enable more efficient roll-out of stations.
- Government Support
Given community radios run mostly via internal funding, external financial support schemes have been scarce so far. The revised blueprint lays out Central government funds to provide financial viability gap funding, set up infrastructure, digitize stations and raise professional standards regarding content and management.
Impact of the Guidelines
The updated community radio guidelines are expected to rapidly accelerate growth in this sector. From just over 300 existing stations currently, the aim is to double this number with over 600 community radio stations in the next 2-3 years. By reaching smaller towns and rural pockets, community radio can fulfill goals of wider connectivity, localized engagement and affordable entertainment cum information access.
World Radio Day
World Radio Day is celebrated on February 13th every year. It was proclaimed in 2011 by UNESCO to raise awareness about the importance of radio as a medium. To mark the occasion, radio stations around the world organize special programming to showcase radio’s role in communities. Activities highlight issues like gender equality, open communication, innovation in radio, and the security of journalists. The 2024 theme “Radio and Peace” explores radio’s potential to spread messages of tolerance and mutual understanding.
Green Revolution, 2.0
It transformed India to self-reliance from a ship-tomouth existence. But the Green Revolution was not an unmixed blessing. Over the decades which followed, it sowed the seeds of its own destruction, leading to a grave farming crisis in the country.
Under British rule, India switched from being a net exporter to being a net food importer in 1919. The country’s food problems were perhaps most adequately exemplified by the Great Bengal Famine of 1943 that had a death toll of ‘about 1.5 million’. The pathetic situation made the government conscious of growing more food within the country through the Grow More Food (GMF) campaign which was launched in the year 1943-44.
Although the British initiated the programme, it was executed in a planned manner from 1947- 48, by free India, despite disturbances such as partition and challenges such as setting up new Central and state governments. A review of the GMF campaigns reveals its poor performance, most importantly, only a small fraction of big farmers benefited from the campaign. Hence, it lost importance and was replaced by the Community Development (CD) programme for giving special emphasis on diverse rural works including minor irrigation and land reclamation.
Agriculture as such was not given due importance in the principal objectives of the 2nd Five-year Plan (1956-1961). In 1961, the population touched 439.2 million at the growth rate of 1.96 per cent, while foodgrain production increased only to about 82 Million tonnes (Mt). Famine and droughts in 1964-65 and 1965-66, military conflicts in 1947, 1962 and 1965, and increasing population resulted in dependence on food aid from the US under Public Law (PL)- 480. But despite the quantities of foodgrain received under the aid programme, India fell short of the targeted requirement of 90 Mt by 20 per cent.
At one point, the country reached a stage where there were stocks for only two weeks and nothing else in the pipeline. The then Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri called upon all Indians to skip one meal each Monday. To cope with the situation, the Government of India invited the Ford Foundation for appropriate suggestions on how to improve agriculture. Nobel Laureate Norman Borlaug was invited to India by the Indian agricultural scientist Dr M S Swaminathan, the then adviser to the Ministry of Agriculture. Borlaug was known worldwide as the ‘Father of Green Revolution’ for his epic work in developing semi-dwarf, high-yield, diseaseresistant wheat varieties (HYVs).
This earned him the Nobel Prize. However, as minister of Food and Agriculture, amidst tough opposition and hue and cry from capitalists and communists, Chidambaram Subramaniam (popularly called CS) along with M S Swaminathan and civil servant B. Sivaraman introduced HYV seeds and more intensive application of fertilizers which paved the way for ushering in the Green Revolution in India. Indeed, the Green Revolution is a unique event in the agricultural history of independent India.
It transformed India to self-reliance from a ship-tomouth existence. But the Green Revolution was not an unmixed blessing. Over the decades which followed, it sowed the seeds of its own destruction, leading to a grave farming crisis in the country. We boast of selfsufficiency of food grain production. But it has been achieved through the pursuit of exploitative agricultural practices which laid emphasis on the production of two water intensive crops ~ rice and wheat ~ by wresting areas from coarse cereals. Indeed, the Green Revolution is simply a wheat-rice revolution.
Today, large sections of farmers have been driven to penury. Farming has now become a risky business. For decades, aquifers have been drilled everywhere at progressively greater depths, lowering water tables and degrading water quality. In the words of Vandana Shiva, it has led to the “ecological breakdown in nature and political breakdown in society [as] consequences of a policy based on the tearing apart of both nature and society.” The strong argument for the Green Revolution in India is that it solved the problem of starvation. But it is not always true.
Norman Borlaug summed up in a speech given thirty years after receiving the Nobel Peace Prize (1970) for his aforementioned monumental work that “… increased food production, while necessary, is not sufficient alone to achieve food security. Huge stocks of grain have accumulated in India, while tens of million need more food but do not have the purchasing power to buy food.” Likewise, another Nobel Laureate (1998) Amartya Sen also pointed out that famines in India including the one in 1943 were not due to the lack of availability of food, but rather the inability of people to access it.
We are today food self-sufficient but the 2023 Global Hunger Index gives India a rank of 111 out of 125 countries. This indicates a hunger severity level of ‘serious’ for the country. The Indian population is also at a higher risk of nutritional insecurity. Estimates show that India is home to one-third of the 2 billion global population suffering from micronutrient deficiency (hidden hunger). In 161 districts, more than 40 per cent children under five years of age suffer from stunting. While there could be several reasons for such high prevalence of micronutrient deficiency in India, scientists assert that the diminishing food value in the staple food grains (Rice and Wheat) could be a sufficiently significant contributor to the problem. Rice and wheat consumed by Indians today seem to have low nutritive value. Those foodgrains are not only less nutritious, but also harmful to health according to a report titled ‘Silent Famine’ published in the Down To Earth (DTE, 16-31 January 2024) issue published by a Delhi-based think tank Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). As per the report, as many as 1,500 different high yielding cultivars of rice and wheat have been released after the Green Revolution was introduced in 1967 in the country.
Between 2018 and 2020, scientists of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), after discussion with breeders of different organizations in the country, selected 16 cultivars for rice and 18 cultivars for wheat for evaluation of their nutrient profiles. Those selected cultivars are so popular that they meet over 50 per cent of daily energy requirements of people of the country.
After evaluating their nutrient profile, scientists opined that they have lost up to 45 per cent of their food value during the last five decades. In the last five decades, the concentration of essential nutrients like zinc and iron has decreased by 33 per cent and 27 per cent in rice, and by 30 per cent and 19 per cent in wheat respectively. Zinc is crucial for immunity, reproductive and neurological development, while iron is key for hemoglobin formation. It is also apprehended that if the devaluation continues at this rate, the grains will be impoverished for human consumption by 2040. The matter of great concern is that concentration of arsenic, a toxic element, in rice has increased by 1,493 percent. In other words, rice and wheat that we consume are not only less nutritious, but also harmful to health. Why has there been such a decline in zinc and iron in high yielding varieties of rice and wheat? There can be two answers: poor availability of nutrients in the soil and stubbornness of cultivars to the external supply of zinc and iron for enhancing grain density.
Experiments showed that the decrease in grain mineral densities, specially of zinc and iron, in modern breeds owes much to the disruption of the plants’ inherent intricate regularity mechanisms in sequestering zinc and iron, despite their abundance in soils. In reality, to cope with the shortage of foodgrains in the country, plant geneticists have been so concerned with increasing quantities of foodgrains that they no longer do the fundamental job of delivering nutrition from soil to the grains. Dwarf genes isolated from high-yielding varieties were inserted to ensure a higher distribution of photosynthates (products of photosynthesis that are usually simple sugar) into the grains, thereby increasing the grain size and improving yield.
Particularly after the 1980s, the main focus of plant breeders was on developing varieties that are resistant to pests, diseases and tolerant to stresses like salinity, moisture and drought. Thus we gained quantity but lost quality. In 2015, researchers in Iran also found that during 70 years of introduction of high-yielding varieties, yields substantially increased, while the concentrations of protein, zinc and iron have shown a drastic decline. The time has come to address the blunders we committed.
To solve open hunger, we have invited hidden hunger. With a view to improve the nutritional profile of food grains, scientists of ICAR and Agricultural Universities across the country have undertaken germplasm exploration across the country to find appropriate donor varieties that are high in nutritional content under a special project on biofortification. Under the project, donor varieties are crossed with the already released or forthcoming high yielding varieties so that yields are not compromised.
So far, institutes under ICAR have developed as many as 150 biofortified varieties of different kinds of foodgrains. We should not forget the sane advice of Albert Einstein:
“We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them.”
Source: The Statesman, 19-02-24
Wednesday, February 07, 2024
Quote of the Day February 7, 2024
“Quality is never an accident. It is always the result of intelligent effort.”
Arnold Palmer
“गुणवत्ता कोई अचानक प्राप्त होने वाली वस्तु नहीं है। यह तो हमेशा से बुद्धिमत्तापूर्ण किए गए प्रयासों का परिणाम है।”
आर्नोल्ड पामर
Assam Public Examination (Measures for Prevention of Unfair Means in Recruitment) Bill, 2024
The Assam government recently tabled the Assam Public Examination (Measures for Prevention of Unfair Means in Recruitment) Bill, 2024, similar to the proposed central law. This legislation is a follow-up to the Assam Public Examination (Measures for Prevention of Unfair Means in Recruitment) Ordinance issued by the Assam Cabinet in October 2023.
The draft legislation aims to curb cheating and malpractices during exams in the state through strict penalties.
Purpose of the Bill
The primary objective of the bill is to provide effective measures to prevent and curb offences related to leakage of question papers and use of unfair means in public examinations for recruitment to any state government post. This includes posts in autonomous bodies, authorities, boards, and corporations.
Definition of “Unfair Means”
The bill defines “unfair means” as cheating by using unauthorized help in a public examination, leaking or attempting to leak a question paper, procuring or attempting to procure a question paper in an unauthorized manner, selling or solving a paper in an unauthorized manner, and directly or indirectly assisting an examinee in an unauthorized manner. It also includes conducting an examination or printing a question paper or blank answer scripts somewhere other than designated areas.
Key Features
Special Courts
The bill proposes that the state government, in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Guwahati High Court, can designate and notify special courts not below the rank of an Additional District and Sessions Judge.
10-Year Jail Term
The bill introduces a provision for a 10-year prison sentence for offenses like leaking question papers or helping candidates use unfair means. This aims to act as a strong deterrent against exam malpractices.
₹10 Lakh Penalty
The draft law also stipulates a hefty fine of ₹10 lakh for those involved in distributing question papers without authorization or enabling cheating. The financial penalty further discourages such activities.
More provisions
The bill further proposes that an examinee convicted under this law will be barred from writing any public exam for two years. In cases involving organized crime, the court can order the attachment of the offender’s property to recover any wrongful gains. If an institution or Limited Liability Partnership is found guilty of an offence under the law, it will be required to pay all the costs of the examination and will be banned permanently.
Ban on Possessing Questions Illegitimately
The proposed law clearly prohibits candidates from possessing question papers without proper permission. This plugs a key loophole enabling cheating.
Deterring Various Malpractices
Beyond leaking questions, the legislation addresses other common malpractices during exams like copying and external assistance to candidates. Stringent actions against all such activities will help reinforce exam integrity.
Significance
In the past five years, Assam has witnessed two major recruitment scandals. The first occurred in 2020, when a recruitment exam for 597 sub-inspector posts had to be cancelled due to a paper leak. Senior and retired IPS officers were among those arrested. The second scandal emerged in 2021, over two years after the exams had been conducted, when the government announced the cancellation of the 2019 exams for various posts in the Assam Power Distribution Company Limited due to widespread irregularities.
The bill signifies the Assam government’s firm commitment to eradicate cheating and unfair means in exams. It aims to overhaul the examination system and selection processes. However, effective on-ground enforcement and speedy trials will be key to the success of this law. Administrative and judicial delays could blunt its impact. Supporting awareness drives should accompany strict policing.
Opposition Suggestions
Opposition parties have argued for measures like housing exam centers in CCTV surveillance networks. This could complement laws enhancing surveillance and identifying violations.
What are Obelisks?
Recently, researchers at Stanford University discovered a new virus-like entity called obelisks. These obelisks have been found in large numbers within the human mouth and gut.
What are Obelisks?
Obelisks are microscopic entities that contain one or two genes and self-organise into a rod-like shape. They are circular bits of genetic material that have been found hiding inside the human body. While the exact species that host these elements are unknown, it is believed that bacteria or fungi could be probable hosts. The obelisks likely rely on these microbial host cells for replication.
Obelisks vs Viruses and Viroids
The obelisks are distinct from viruses and viroids, two other types of microbiological entities. Viruses cannot replicate without a host and are on the edge of what constitutes life. On the other hand, viroid are tiny scraps of genetic material that cannot make proteins and don’t have a protective shell to encase their genome.
The newly discovered obelisks fall somewhere between viruses and viroids. They have a circular single-stranded RNA genome and no protein coat, like viroids. But, like viruses, their genomes contain genes predicted to code for proteins. All obelisks described so far encode a single major protein known as obulin, and many encode a second, smaller obulin. The function of these obulins is still unknown, as they bear no evolutionary resemblance to any other protein.
Distribution and Prevalence of Obelisks
The Stanford team found almost 30,000 distinct obelisk types by analysing existing datasets taken from the human gut and mouth, as well as other sources. These obelisk genomes have been previously overlooked due to their dissimilarity to anything described before. The researchers found them in datasets spanning the globe and in diverse niches. They were detected in around 7% of microbiome datasets from the human gut and 50% of datasets from the mouth.
Potential Hosts for Obelisks
Obelisks likely rely on microbial host cells, including those that live inside humans, for replication. While the exact species that harbour these elements are unknown, bacteria or fungi are probable hosts. The researchers provided strong evidence that a common bacterial component of dental plaque, Streptococcus sanguinis, plays host to a specific obelisk type.
Obelisks: Friend or Foe?
As of now, the evolutionary and ecological significance of obelisks is unknown. It is not yet confirm whether they are parasitic and harm host cells, or they might be beneficial. Hosts may have evolved defence mechanisms against obelisks or actively recruit them for some advantage. If obelisks change or upset the human microbiome, they could have implications for human health and may even have therapeutic potential.
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