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Monday, June 06, 2022

Current Affairs-June 6, 2022

 

INDIA

– PM launches Global initiative ‘Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE) Movement; Calls for human centric and collective efforts that further sustainable development
– India achieves 10% ethanol blending target in petrol ahead of schedule: PM
– President Ram Nath Kovind inaugurates Sant Kabir Academy and Research Centre at Sant Kabir Nagar in UP
– Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare and Chemicals and Fertilizers Mansukh Mandaviya inaugurates National Food Laboratory of FSSAI at Raxaul in Bihar
– Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to ban single-use plastic from July
– NGT (at Sant Kabir Nagar) orders West Bengal govt to close all hotels, restaurants in Buxa Tiger Reserve in two months
– 12 killed in boiler blast at chemical factory in UP’s Hapur district

ECONOMY & CORPORATE

– Appointments Committee of Cabinet clears 3 names to head three public sector banks: A Manimekhalai: MD & CEO at Union Bank of India; Ajay Kumar Srivastava: MD & Indian Overseas Bank and Swarup Kumar Saha: MD and CEO of Punjab & Sind Bank

WORLD

– Three astronauts enter China’s space station module called Tianhe after successful launch from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre
– Bangladesh: 35 killed, over 450 injured in fire at chemical container depot in Chittagong
– World Environment Day celebrated on June 5; this year’s campaign: #OnlyOneEarth
– International Day for the Fight against Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing observed on June 5

SPORTS

– French Open tennis: Spain’s Rafael Nadal defeats Norway’s Casper Ruud in final to win men’s singles title

Current Affairs-June 5, 2022

 

NDIA

– President Ram Nath Kovind attends Centenary Celebrations of Gita Press in Gorakhpur (UP)
– Tourism Ministry launches National Strategy for Sustainable Tourism and Responsible Traveller Campaign
– Rajasthan becomes 2nd state after Gujarat to join Save Soil programme launched by Sadhguru, Founder of Isha Foundation
– India delivers 3.3 tons of essential medical supplies to Sri Lanka
– About 13,000 lives saved under ‘Farishtey Dilli Ke’ scheme to help accident victims so far: CM Arvind Kejriwal

ECONOMY & CORPORATE

– Tata Projects wins bid to build Noida International Airport at Jewar in UP

WORLD

– Turkey changes its official name at the UN to Turkiye
– International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression observed on June 4
– China blocks moves to step up protection of emperor penguins in Antarctica
– US state of New York passes world’s first ‘right to repair’ law for digital electronics

SPORTS

– Khelo India Youth Games 2021 inaugurated in Panchkula, Haryana
– ISSF World Cup Rifle/Pistol/Shotgun in Baku, Azerbaijan: Swapnil Kusale and Ashi Chouksey win gold in 50m rifle 3 positions (3P) mixed team event
– Sakshi Malik, Divya Kakran, Mansi Ahlawat win gold medals at Bolat Turlykhanov Cup wrestling in Kazakhstan
– French Open tennis: Iga Swiatek of Poland wins Women’s Singles Title

Satyendranath Bose

 Satyendranath Bose (1894-1974) was an Indian Physicist best known for his role in particle Physics. He was  born in Calcutta; he was the eldest of the 7 children of his father Surendranath Bose. Bose was a specialist in mathematical physics. A fellow of the Royal Society, Bose was awarded Padma Vibhushan in 1954, incidentally, the Padma Vibhushan was awarded for the first time in 1954 only.

Bose never received a doctorate nor was he awarded a Nobel Prize. He is largely forgotten and Nobel Committee has recognized all other scientists that did work on the concept, whose historic father was Satyendra Nath Bose.

Contribution to Indian Science

  • Meghnad Saha was his classmate and J C Bose as his teacher. In 1921, he joined the then newly created Dacca University as Reader in Physics. While teaching, he wrote a paper for deriving the Planck’s Law. His paper was titled ‘Planck’s Law and Light Quantum Hypothesis.
  • In 1900, Max Planck had explained in the theory of black body radiation that light is emitted in discrete amounts (quanta) rather than as a continuous wave. But his derivation of this formula was not satisfactory to other scientists, in fact even to himself. Later, Albert Einstein explained the photoelectric effect based on Planck’s quanta as photons in 1905 in a paper. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for this paper, not for his papers on Relativity!
  • However, many of his colleagues were not fully convinced of his yet-to-be-developed photon theory. Under these circumstances, Bose re-sent the paper to Albert Einstein in June 1924, with a fervent appeal for his perusal. Einstein immediately recognised the significance of this paper. This paper was going to substantiate and revolutionise his theory of photoelectric effect. Einstein himself translated Bose’s paper into German and sent it to Zeitschrift für Physik with his endorsement for publication. With his demigod status, Einstein’s words carried much weight. It was promptly published, and immediately Bose shot into prominence.
  • After this, Einstein personally invited Bose to work with him, and their efforts culminated in the Bose-Einstein statistics, an important and seminal phenomenon in quantum physics. His work was wholeheartedly supported and appreciated by the leading lights in quantum theory, such as Louise de Broglie, Erwin Schroedinger, Paul Dirac and Heisenburg.
  • In honour of Bose’, Paul Dirac coined the word ‘Boson’ for those particles which obey Bose’s statistics. In atomic theory, only Fermions (named after Enrico Fermi) and Bosons were named after physicists.

Economic & Political Weekly: Table of Contents

 

Vol. 57, Issue No. 23, 04 Jun, 2022

Commentary

Book Reviews

Special Articles

Alternative Standpoint

Letters

Editorials

From the Editor's Desk

From 50 Years Ago

Insight

Current Statistics

CUET 2022: Important tips and tricks to ace the entrance exam

 The Common University Entrance Test (CUET) is a pan-India prestigious examination which is conducted every year by the National Testing Agency (NTA). CUET is conducted for various undergraduate, post-graduate programmes in all the participating institutes of India. Candidates aiming to study in central universities of India have to mandatorily appear for CUET.

With CUET just around the corner, here are some tips and guidelines for the candidates to get the best possible score that they can. If you are appearing for the CUET next year, we have some additional tips for you as well.

— Be thorough with the syllabus and pattern of the examination: This year, the revamped version of CUCET (CUET) has become the new gateway to various prestigious institutions in our country and the exam is being conducted for the first time on such a large scale. For the candidates appearing this year, you should be familiar with the syllabus by now, which is basically the NCERT-issued class 12 textbooks. Your focus should be to cover as many topics as possible for the papers you are appearing for. Candidates who are appearing next year have the time to go through the syllabus and familiarise themselves with the pattern of the examination.

— Have a plan or routine: Candidates should prepare a plan on how to revise the subjects, chapters or topics for the upcoming exam in July. You should no longer focus on studying a new topic from the basics. Since you have already appeared for your boards, your focus should be on practicing questions and test papers.

If you are not appearing this year, then this would be the ideal time for you to prepare a detailed plan on how you would want to study simultaneously for your boards and CUET. Do remember that the syllabus of CUET will be the same as the board examination syllabus, only the type of questions will be different. For this, you must get yourself accustomed to the type of questions that will be asked in the exam. Your board preparation will be crucial to building the fundamental concepts of your subjects. The additional preparation for CUET will focus on time management, improving efficiency, and bridging the gaps.

— Strategise your preparation: Current year candidates should focus solely on solving questions, spotting weaknesses, bridging the gap between the board and the CUET syllabus, efficiently managing their time and thoroughly acing the pattern of the examination. Next year candidates will have the advantage of getting the question papers, question types and other resources, once CUET is conducted this year. Take time to research on the exam, and then prepare a strategy on how to tackle the subjects.

— Use the correct resources: Candidates appearing for CUET next month must note that time is pacing fast. While there is no need to panic, your preparation will deal with test papers, online crash courses and timed mock tests. Concentrate on making yourself strong in the fundamentals of your subjects, quick thinking, and time management. Candidates appearing next year can study the books, especially the NCERT books (available on the NCERT website or the E-pathshala website) and take the help of additional resources, like past years’ question papers and reference books to prepare comprehensively for CUET.

— Practice: There is no alternative to this advice. Revise with your short notes and practice with objective questions and answers for CUET. Those appearing next year can start practicing with subjective tests, slowly and steadily proceed towards objective tests.

— Stay updated: Candidates who have selected or will be selecting the General Knowledge section will need to have a good understanding of world events. Get hold of reliable current affairs books and go through them regularly. You will be familiar with many of the events and for those you are not familiar with, you can jot them down in a notebook. If you are planning on long-term preparation, keep yourself updated through newspapers, online news sources, encyclopedias and other resources.

— Brush up on quantitative and analytical skills: Those who plan to appear for the Section III general test will need to brush up on basic quantitative and analytical skills. Get a list of basic formulae from class 6 to 10 and commit them to memory. Practice analytical skills with test papers of various exams, such as the GRE, SAT, Bank examinations, etc. The method to tackle this part would be same for both current and future candidates. These problems are best tackled through repeated practice.

— Look after your mental and physical health: This is the most important part of your preparation strategy. You are more important as a human than just a number in a huge list of candidates. All the students who are appearing for CUET this year would have faced tremendous difficulties and would probably be exhausted by now. Take a breath and remember that CUET or any examination for that matter, is not a make-or-break deal. There are several ways you can achieve your goals, and you are just getting started with life. Eat healthy, sleep well, spend time with your family and friends and exercise daily. Take the help of counsellors or other resources if you feel mentally exhausted.

Venkat Phanikiran

Source: Indian Express, 5/06/22

How barcodes differ from radio-frequency identification tags

 Baggage tags equipped with radio-frequency identification (RFID) will soon be available at Delhi’s Indira Gandhi International Airport, marking a first of its kind for the country.

What is RFID technology? What’s the difference between RFID and a barcode? Is RFID is enhanced version of barcode? The Indian Express explains:

What is Radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology?

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio waves to automatically identify various tagged objects. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless tracking method that uses tags and readers to track objects. Transponder, receiver, and transmitter are the three components of an RFID system.

The RFID reader continually sends radio waves of a specific frequency in RFID system. If the object to which the RFID tag is attached is within the range of the radio waves, it provides feedback to the RFID reader, which then identifies the object based on the feedback.

What are the different kinds of RFID?

Passive tags, semi-passive tags, and active tags are the three types of RFID tags that are commercially available.

There is no power supply for passive tags. They acquire their power from the readers’ incoming radio waves.

Semi-passive tags comprise an internal circuit with a power source, but rely on the radio waves received from the reader to transmit the response.

The internal circuit of active tags is powered by a power source.

Passive RFID tags do not have a battery and are powered by the reader.

Batteries are being used to power active RFID tags. It also utilises its own power supply to send the response to the reader.

The Low Frequency, High Frequency, and Ultra-High Frequency bands are used by RFID systems.

What is a barcode?

A barcode is a printed series of parallel bars or lines of varying width used for entering data into a computer system. The bars are black on a white background and vary in width and quantity depending on the application. The bars represent the binary digits zero and one, which represent the digits zero to nine processed by a digital computer. These barcodes are scanned using special optical scanners known as barcode readers, which come in a variety of shapes and sizes. The majority of these codes use only two different widths of bars, however some use four. The numbers that make up a barcode are also printe

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology Vs barcodes

RFID uses radio waves to communicate data from RFID chips to readers that do not require line of sight in order to obtain the data, whereas barcodes use light to read the black-and-white pattern printed on the sticky tag. An RFID tag can communicate with a powered reader even when the tag is not powered.

When printed on paper or sticky labels, barcodes are more susceptible to wear and breakage, which can affect their readability. RFID tags, on the other hand, are sometimes placed in plastic labels or into the object itself, making them more durable than barcodes.

In contrast to barcode scanners, RFID scanners can process dozens of tags in a single second. Also, barcodes are simple and easy to copy or counterfeit, whereas RFID is more complicated and difficult to replicate or counterfeit.

Unlike barcodes, which must in line of sight, RFID tags need not be.

Also, RFID tags are expensive compared to barcodes.d at the bottom. One of the most well-known examples of a barcode is the QR code.

Is RFID enhanced version of barcode?

Since their introduction in the 1970s, barcodes have become an indispensable part of commercial activity on a daily basis, whether in grocery stores or at airports.

When it comes to speed, there is a noticeable difference between barcodes and RFID. This is because barcodes must be read manually, making them more susceptible to human error and more difficult to evaluate their accuracy.

However, RFID’s accuracy may be compromised if the tags are applied to metals or liquid. Since RFID frequencies can be transmitted over greater distances than barcode frequencies, there is also concern that RFID technology raises data protection issues, resulting in personal information becoming accessible without consent.

When deciding whether to use barcodes or RFID, it is important to consider the purpose, the environment, and the potential costs of an application.

Written by Priya Kumari Shukla

Source: Indian Express, 3/06/22


New WHO report on assistive technology for disabled provides a roadmap for India

 

Rajib Dasgupta, Shweta Sharma, Balram Bhargava write: The health system’s responsibility in providing equitable access to assistive technology, just as for essential medicines and vaccines, is increasingly being recognised


The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities came into force in May 2008 to bring to centrestage disability as an intersection of health, human rights and development priority. Subsequently, the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the World Bank jointly produced the World Report on Disability in 2011 to provide evidence for innovative policies and programmes.

In his foreword to this report, Stephen Hawking — who had motor neurone disease — noted that while persons with disabilities face attitudinal, physical and financial barriers, he had been fortunate in having the aid of computer experts who supported him with an assisted communication system and a speech synthesiser which enabled him to compose lectures and papers. The aids Hawking referred to are examples of highly sophisticated assistive technology (AT) – these may include any item, piece of equipment, software programme or product system that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of persons with disabilities. These aids could also be “physical” products such as wheelchairs, eyeglasses, hearing aids, prostheses, walking devices or continence pads; “digital” such as software and apps that support communication and time management; or adaptations to the physical environment, for example, portable ramps or grab-rails. Different disabilities require different assistive technologies, and these are designed to help people who have difficulty speaking, typing, writing, remembering, seeing, hearing, learning, or walking.

A billion people globally are currently estimated to be in need of assistive technology (AT); this is projected to double by 2050. Drawing upon the World Report on Disability 2011, the 71st World Health Assembly resolved on May 26, 2018 to prepare a global report on effective access to assistive technology by 2021. There were two core concerns: One, 90 per cent of those who need assistive technology do not have access to it, and two, the inclusion of assistive technology into health systems was essential for progress toward the targets in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) relating to Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Despite the challenges posed by the pandemic in the last two and a half years, it is an incredible achievement that the World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) jointly launched the first Global Report on Assistive Technology (GReAT) on May 16.

The GReAT report draws upon surveys conducted in 20 countries. These indicate that the proportion of the population currently using at least one assistive product ranges from less than 3 per cent to about 70 per cent. Those reporting that they use or need at least one assistive product range from about 10 per cent to nearly 70 per cent; the extent to which these needs are met varies from about 2 per cent to nearly 90 per cent. Universal assistive technology coverage implies that everyone, everywhere receives the AT that they need without financial or any other hardship.

The barriers to access and coverage, in the context of AT, are best understood when seen from the following five parameters.

People: This is related to the age, gender, type of functional difficulty, location and socioeconomic status of those in need of AT.

Products: The range, quality, affordability and supply of assistive products continue to pose considerable challenges. Quality and standard issues such as safety, performance and durability are key concerns. Repairing, refurbishing, and reusing assistive products can be faster and more cost-effective than purchasing new ones.

Provision: The information and referral systems remain complex and services are not available across all geographies and populations. The range, quantity and quality of assistive products procured and provided, as well as the efficiency of delivered services, remain below par.

Personnel: The workforce gaps are not just about numbers but also about adequate training and education too.

Policy: A survey of more than 60 countries reported that they have at least one government ministry or authority responsible for access to AT. Almost 90 per cent of them have at least one piece of legislation on access to AT. Even then, the current levels of access imply a long road to universal AT access.

Disadvantaged groups and communities face hardships in their search for affordable quality healthcare in India and this is more so with respect to obtaining ATs and associated services — the estimated unmet need is about 70 per cent. ATs handed out in camps or as a part of social service initiatives are a sporadic activity without the use of statistics as a basis for unmet needs. Products are often sub-standard and lead to poorer health outcomes. Including assistive technology in universal health and social care services is a critical imperative. The health system’s responsibility in providing equitable access to ATs, just as for essential medicines and vaccines, is increasingly being recognised and country-level plans are being drawn up with an aim to fund and provide ATs under the UHC. Until AT solutions are integrated with the existing primary healthcare packages the current top-down approach is of limited benefit. The GReAT Report provides that roadmap

Written by Rajib Dasgupta , Shweta Sharma , Balram Bhargava

Source: Indian Express, 6/06/2022