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Friday, July 31, 2015

What made Kalam great: In the words of his classmate Sujatha

APJ Abdul Kalam was my classmate in the BSc course at Trichy’s St Joseph’s College. During lunch breaks in the big assembly hall, we used to banter until the bell rang for the lectures. I remember him from those times. He would not talk much then, and if someone poked fun, he would gently laugh it off. And he would not come with the rest of us to watch movies.
After our BSc,, when I joined the Madras Institute of Technology to study electronics, I saw him join the aeronautics course in the same year. We both shared a common passion for Tamil and I recall our frequent meetings on that count. I recall his interest in the songs of Subramania Bharathi (nationalist poet) and Tirukkural (Tirvalluvar’s omnibus of couplets). Right at that stage, it was clear that he wanted to accomplish something practical in the field of aeronautics or rocket science. Our professors (one German, one Indian) showed the way – and I think it was the first time in India. They made an engineless-glider and took it to the Meenambakkam airport – part by part – and put it all together again.  Then they used a winch to pull it and hoisted it like a kite in the sky. It caught the hot winds and soared. And so did our feelings in the college. Kalam played a role in that.
Professor Raghavachari, who taught us physics, was passionate about Tamil. He held a competition that invited essays in Tamil on science. Kalam and I took part, of course. Kalam’s essay was titled “We will build a plane”. Mine was on Infinity Mathematics, titled “Anantham.” He got the prize.
Kalam did not stop with his writing. Forget the plane. He built a rocket!
I lost touch with him for a few years after our MIT days. In the interval, he grew up under the supervision of figures such as Vikram Sarabhai, training in NASA. After I joined Bharat Electronics Ltd, I found opportunity to meet him on many counts for official work. He was a part of ISRO’s SLV rocket project. I could now see strong signs of hard work. There were people saying right then that he was destined to climb the ladder in the government hierarchy. Later, he moved to become the head of the DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation) at Hyderabad in the Department of Space. He successfully accomplished a series of missile projects: Prithvi, Agni, Akash, Nag et al. Then he became advisor to the prime minister and played a significant role in the stalled light commercial aircraft (LCA) project, pulling it finally out of the hangar and actually making it fly.
If I were to look back and compare ourselves with our batch mate, Kalam’s rise is manifold. None of us quite rose to become a Bharat Ratna. The main reason for his success was his dedication towards work, tireless labour and self-confidence.
When he was in the DRDO, I have taken part in his review meetings – and they were brief. He would ask a project head if a certain task was done. If it was delayed he never got upset. No shouting – but somehow he would make the person responsible for missing the deadline squirm in discomfort. When he was working 24/7/365, others were compelled to match up. He led by example.
His personal needs were few. He was a bachelor and a vegetarian with no “bad” habits. To top this he had a devout Muslim’s sense of good conduct. These kept him away from the temptations of a big office. In all of Tehelka’s tapes that exposed doings inside the government, he came out as a figure who stood in the way of corruption in high places.
I particularly recall one incident. When I went to Hyderabad for a meeting with him, some Russian technicians were visiting and there was a dinner at the Taj Banjara. I was invited as well. The Russians were gloating in the joy of having signed an agreement and forced a glass of vodka on Kalam, who avoided any intoxicant. He approached me quickly  and asked in an embarrassed tone, “What’s that in your hand?”.
“Water. Ice water, Kalam,” I replied.
“Give it to me,” he said.
In a flash he had taken my glass and thrust the vodka glass into my unsuspecting hands.
“Those guys simply don’t understand that I don’t drink,” he said.
In a while I heard them say “Cheers” – and a glass of ice water went up with the vodkas!
Kalam and I plan to write a book together. He said we could do one on India’s rocket science since the times of Tipu Sultan. “I am ready, Kalam. Are you?” I would ask him. “I am almost ready. Let us start next month,” he would say – everytime.
Now that he has retired, I expect him to write it – if only the Indian government, US universities, colleges, Lions and Rotary clubs, schools and social organizations would leave him alone!

Open up the debate

On farm policy, there is an urgent need to listen to farmers, not just economists and academics.



For over two decades, the conversation on farmer issues had languished. Realising the stupor a few years ago, agricultural issues were sought to be made a central topic of discussion in India. Even as the momentum of the debate increased, and understanding was created on the fact that perpetual farm distress had become the horrifying new normal, there was a failure to protect the farmer’s turf from academics. This must be acknowledged. Every policymaker has focused on, including in the columns of this paper, policies that tackle food inflation, while we farmers fear and have long argued about ways to counter deflation. This is just one among the many reasons that farmers are at odds with agriculture academicians. Last year, fearful of inflation, the new government restricted potato exports. I argued against the restrictions (‘Making a hash of it’, The Indian Express, July 5, 2014) to no avail. This season, potatoes have sold for as low as Rs 2 per kg. When prices fall, the government does a disappearing act. Now, the government has banned the export of onions. Onions, which farmers sold for Rs 6 per kg three months ago, are now retailing for Rs 40 per kg. Food inflation has more to do with issues of hoarding, governance, lack of enforcement of regulation and marketing bottlenecks than production constraints. The future looks bleak for farmers, though achhe din seem to be here for traders. There is absolutely no reason for the government to interfere with the potato and onion markets, where it gives no support price to farmers. Our problem is not too little of the right food but too few policies of the right kind. Policymakers first aggravated food inflation and are now conveniently propagating the import of food as a way to keep it in check. Economists have pessimistically built their arguments on the assumption that domestic food inflation is here to stay, that it cannot be solved at home. But farmers are optimistic that they can produce enough to feed the nation and are, in fact, threatened by deflation. Different objectives require different approaches. Economists continuously justify and advocate the abolition of farm subsidies in India to save resources, even as we are encouraged to import. In contrast, we farmers suggest reducing subsidies per quintal of production. If one listened to farmers, one would know that they advocate improving the quality of produce, increasing the production of most crops by 20 per cent and, subsequently, increasing farmer profit by simply making available the best farm machinery. These gains can be realised without any extra seeds, fertiliser, pesticide or water. The small size of holdings don’t justify the costs of ownership. Availability of machinery does not mean individual farmers should actually own the machinery, which leads to indebtedness. The Indian government must incentivise leasing as well as permit duty-free imports of better, cheaper farm machinery. There are many more such simple interventions that could have a powerful effect. Like the UPA, if the NDA remains convinced that only academicians possess knowledge and that the opinion of farmers is a burden, we will permanently remain a developing country. The artificially high international commodity prices fell partly because, in 2013, China banned banks from accepting agriculture commodities as collateral for raising funds. Supply will continue to outpace demand for years to come. This month, the Food and Agriculture Organisation validated our deflation forecast. Presently, many multinational commodity firms are setting up shop in India to purchase grains. But their long-term objective is to use their network for distribution of imported food. Many countries like the United States, Canada, Australia, Brazil and even African nations that grow surplus food have already deduced that India as well as China will be their biggest markets in the future and are positioning themselves to take advantage of this. Their strategies are premised on the conviction that our policymakers will repeatedly fail and that water scarcity will create opportunities they could exploit. To believe that imports are the solution to food shortages and inflation is naive. In order to reduce water usage, economists suggest reducing the import duty on rice from 70 to 5 per cent. This is far-fetched. They further suggest incentivising farmers to shift from rice to pulses production with a paltry sum of Rs 3,000 per acre. Farmers won’t shift to pulses for even three times that sum. For the record, farmers won’t shift from paddy to pulses even if the electricity subsidy is withdrawn — though withdrawing this subsidy will definitely result in reduced water usage, if that’s the objective. It is common practice for industry associations and international corporate-funded institutions to commission studies, projects and reports to influence policy. But allowing only them to frame farm policy is similar to asking GM seed manufacturers to frame food-labelling guidelines. The writer is chairman, Bharat Krishak Samaj - 

Over 38 lakh urban poor imparted employment oriented skills; Madhya Pradesh tops the list 

o enable gainful employment, 38.32 lakh urban poor have so far been provided with skill development training with assistance from the Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation. This was informed by the Minister of State for Urban Development and HUPA Shri Babul Supriyo in a written reply to Rajya Sabha today. 

Skill development of urban poor to enable either self-employment or salaried employment was undertaken under the ‘Skill Training for Employment Promotion Amongst Urban Poor (STEP-UP)’ of erstwhile Swarn Jayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana launched in 1997 and the ‘Employment through Skill Training & Placement’ component of the National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM) introduced in 2013. Under STEP-UP, 35.26 lakh urban poor were assisted to upgrade their skills while another 3.06 lakh were helped under NULM. 

Madhya Pradesh led the list of performers having assisted 5.06 lakh urban poor followed by Maharashtra (4.86 lakh), Uttar Pradesh (4.51 lakh), Karnataka (4.08 lakh), Tamil Nadu (3.33 lakh), Andhra Pradesh (3.25 lakh), Gujarat (2.22), Bihar(2.11 lakh), West Bengal (1.98 lakh) and Rajasthan (1.07 lakh). Ministry of HUPA has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the National Skill Development Corporation for facilitating training of 2 lakh urban poor through States/UTs. 
the speaking tree - The Guru Principle


Guru tattva is an element, a quality inside you. It is not limited to body or form. Some 5,000 years ago, Krishna sent Uddhava, his close friend and a wise man, to the gopis and gopas, who were full of devotion. Uddhava went to talk about liberation, but none of them was interested in listening to that.They all said, “No, tell us some story about Krishna, tell us what is happening in Dwarka, where he is. We don't want to hear all this wisdom; but tell us what news you have of Krishna? We are happy with longing and we are happy with love. So, let's sing and dance.“
That's all they wanted to do.This is how love makes you crazy . That's when all the boundaries drop; you feel one with everyone around, and one with the whole universe -and that's called `guru tattva'.
Devotion is your nature.When you rest in your own nature, there is no conflict. But usually we feel a conflict. We feel bad about a negative quality we have or something that we did. A Master is one who lifts these burdens from you that you yourself cannot carry -and kindles in you devotional love. Offer everything to the Master: your anger, your frustration, all your bad feelings and good feelings.
Your negativity pulls you down. Your positive qualities bring pride and arrogance in you. Your whole life becomes a big weight.
When you offer it all, you become light like a flower. You can again smile and rejoice in the moment. What remains in you is pure love.
the speaking tree - Ultimate Quest: Seeking The Guru Within


One Guru Purnima day, though i did not know it at that time, Sri Sathya Sai Baba returned responsibility for my growth to my own self. It was 1999, and a beautiful morning in Puttaparthi. As i recall, Bhimsen Joshi sang that day . I sat there, my just-defended PhD thesis in my hand, hoping Baba's darshan walk would bring him near where i was, praying he might even bless my work.It happened, suddenly and quickly .He stopped, he blessed, and by the time i opened my eyes again, he was gone, an orange deity in an ocean of white.
That feeling, and the gratitude, all remain. But that moment marked the end of one kind of relationship that i had been fortunate to have had with him. From the time i was in class 12 until the end of my PhD, Baba had been an intimate and central figure in my family . He guided us, encouraged us, and played a key role in my education. But that Guru Purnima day , i did not know that would be our last exchange. Then, in April 2011, the Sai world lost its irreplaceable centre.
We often hear gurus and elders urging us to follow the guru within, but perhaps it is only when we are confronted by the striking force of absence that this becomes a reality . For some, the physical absence of a person who was God and Guru can be something that is fixed through external adjustments; in the deity democracy that is India, we can promote one icon in the prayer-shrine over another perhaps. We might even find alternative mysticisms and beliefs, mediums and go-betweens who promise to us the intimacy and familiarity we once had with those who are gone. Sometimes it is desperation that sends us to the `gurus without', and it is not for us to judge it. But sometimes, it is also important to check our urge to run far from the source in search of something that is really right here at home. Sometimes, what seems like absence can even be the beginning of a new way of knowing its opposite altogether. After all, once our gurus are gone, it is really only up to those of us who had the fortune of knowing them, to explain what they were about, to those younger than us, and more importantly , living up to what they stood for before them too.
Baba's passing was my first experience of loss. He had been like a father, mother, an older brother, and most of all i had called him God. And all through, he had also been my Guru.I find it funny in retrospect that i did not go to Baba to learn about the meaning of life. That, in class 12, i was content exploring with The Beatles and Bob Dylan. I went only because my parents ordered me to come, and i thought i would do well in my exams if i prayed to him. Nothing was that simple, of course.
Today , i see Baba as God and Guru.I have also come to see the world and my place in it in a certain way because of his teachings. I cannot presume to explain him, much less to claim to speak for him. But he did do one thing clearly . He got me learning from the guru within long before i even knew there was one there.
(The writer is professor of Media Studies, University of San Francisco and author of `Rearming Hinduism'.)

Thursday, July 30, 2015

Journal of Community Practice: Table of Contents

Lorraine M. GutiérrezAnna M. Santiago & Tracy M. Soska
pages 1-4

  • DOI:10.1080/10705422.2015.1004262
  • Published online: 02 Mar 2015
  • Citing articles: 0
  • Article Views: 146

Articles

Lara Rusch & Heidi Swarts
pages 5-26

  • DOI:10.1080/10705422.2014.985411
  • Published online: 02 Mar 2015
  • Citing articles: 0
  • Article Views: 82
Further Information

Richard Hoefer & Kingsley Chigbu
pages 51-75

  • DOI:10.1080/10705422.2014.986596
  • Published online: 02 Mar 2015
  • Citing articles: 0
  • Article Views: 90
Further Information

Farrah JacquezLisa M. VaughnTerri Pelley & Michael Topmiller
pages 76-101

  • DOI:10.1080/10705422.2014.983629
  • Published online: 02 Mar 2015
  • Citing articles: 0
  • Article Views: 50
Further Information

From the Field

Hye-Kyung Kang
pages 126-140

  • DOI:10.1080/10705422.2014.983214
  • Published online: 02 Mar 2015
  • Citing articles: 0
  • Article Views: 84
Further Information

Book Review Article

In search of freedom

With 2.5 million people a year falling victim to it, human trafficking forms a lucrative illicit economy that must be attacked from every angle.

The United Nations (UN) has designated July 30 as World Day against Trafficking in Persons. It is a good day to remind ourselves of the plight of an estimated 2.5 million people and 1.2 million children who are victims of trafficking every year all over the world.
Kailash Satyarthi
It is also a good day to confront the burgeoning issue of modern-day slavery. We live in times when teenage girls are sold in slave markets for as little as a pack of cigarettes. These are times when young boys are forced to become soldiers and are handed guns and swords instead of toys and books. The examples of trafficking and modern-day slavery are increasing steadily, and require concerted and cohesive action so that future generations are protected.
Despite technology, which has put information and knowledge at our fingertips, civilisation has woken up to the scourge of slavery only in the last few decades. Human trafficking results in and fuels all forms of slavery such as sexual exploitation, forced labour, other forms of labour exploitation, forced marriages, and the abuse of children in armed conflicts. Curbing human trafficking becomes imperative in tackling slavery.
The world over, human trafficking is labelled as the third most lucrative illicit trade, after drugs and arms. But it is, in fact, the single largest illicit trade in the world. Slavery, prevalent in almost all countries of the world, amounts to U.S.$32 billion according to official sources and a definitive U.S.$150 billion according to non-governmental sources.
Take the example of a girl trafficked illegally in a red-light area. A solicitor pays approximately Rs. 500 on an average.If the girl performs sexual acts for 10 people a day and there are 100 such girls in the area, then that area alone generates Rs. 5 lakh in black money in a single day. This, when expanded to the thousands of such areas in almost a hundred countries, amounts to huge amounts of black money. This money is used, in turn, to support all other illicit trades, thus setting off a booming economy based on trafficking.
It is this nexus of black money exchange that needs to be dismantled. The lucrative illicit economy that has been built up around trafficking in persons must be attacked from every angle.
Despite its frightening repercussions, there are major legal lacunae in the definition, tracking and punishment of trafficking. A global concerted effort has come up only in the last few decades, after the passing of the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Palermo Protocol) in 2000.
In the Indian context, on the other hand, traffic in human beings has been prohibited as a fundamental right granted in the Constitution. Untouchability and trafficking are two crimes that are prescribed as punishable in the Constitution itself.
Despite this, a comprehensive law was laid down only in 2013, which made trafficking a criminal offence. India ratified the Palermo Protocol after a case was filed by my organisation, Bachpan Bachao Andolan (BBA). The Justice Verma committee report has dedicated two entire chapters to the issue on the basis of suggestions and recommendations from BBA.
The delayed action by government agencies against trafficking has resulted in its widespread incidence across the country, which spans from trafficking into forced labour in hazardous work and factories to the seemingly innocuous trafficking into domestic labour. As per official estimates, 15 children go missing every hour in India and 8 are never found. The real number of trafficked children is never known. The international nexus of trafficking has manifestations right inside our homes. Under the garb of supplying cheap domestic help, placement agencies traffic people, making this a large organised crime, especially in metropolitan cities. The problem hence needs not just organisational solutions but societal involvement too.
In this backdrop, other disturbing forms of trafficking are also emerging. Children in armed conflicts, illegal adoptions, the sale of organs, and trafficking for marriage are some of the other ugly heads of trafficking that have emerged in the past few years.
I have always maintained that India is a land of a hundred problems and the mother of a billion solutions. Filling policy gaps to counter trafficking, especially in the area of rehabilitation, is the foremost need. Next in line is an efficient legal response to all reported cases of trafficking. The enforcement of law and the subsequent enforcement of justice must be immediate and become a deterrent.
Trafficking is an organised crime that needs concerted inter-state and inter-agency efforts. Arresting a guilty placement agent, or shutting down a factory that employs trafficked persons is not enough. The entire money trail needs to be tracked and everyone involved tried as per law.
The victims of trafficking, especially children, need safe social and economic rehabilitation. Higher budgetary allocations are needed for their immediate help and counselling, besides making arrangements for their vocational training, housing and repatriation. The reintroduction to education is also a must. Also, changes in the education system to include rights-based information, if given to each child, can lay the foundations of an aware and secure generation. Schools and parents must make children aware of the dangers of trafficking and prepare them to recognise and tackle it.
All these efforts will only see results through dedicated public participation. Our social conscience has to treat trafficking for what it is, a crime and an evil. We can, all of us, help combat trafficking. Stay vigilant and inform the authorities whenever you see a case of exploitation, do not frequent restaurants or shops that employ child labour, report homes that employ children, be sensitive towards victims of sexual abuse, and participate actively in dialogue against trafficking and slavery. Businesses and corporate houses must self-monitor and map their supply chain to ensure there is no trafficking or forced labour.
I believe that together we can eliminate human trafficking across the world. Freedom is a non-negotiable right and each one of us, irrespective of our economic and social status, deserves to have it. The shackles of slavery can never be stronger than the quest for freedom.
(Kailash Satyarthi is Nobel Peace Laureate, 2014.)

Igniting minds

In the passing away of former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, India has lost not only a visionary scientist and an institution-builder, but also a staunch nationalist who was an inspirational figure for people across generations. Turning India into a developed country of the first world was his dream, and he set about making this a reality through words and deeds, first as scientist, then as the President, and later, till the very end, as an ordinary citizen. Kalam began as a civilian rocket engineer and metamorphosed into a missile technologist, but it is as the “people’s president”, as the first citizen who was accessible and who stopped to listen to the grievances of ordinary men and women that he won the love and affection of his countrymen. In the fields of civilian space and military missile technologies, Kalam put India on the world map by laying strong indigenous foundations for them. When India joined the exclusive club of spacefaring nations comprising the U.S., Russia, France, Japan and China on July 18, 1980, Kalam was the Project Director of the Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 in the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Since then, India has joined the world leaders in satellite launches and space research.
Kalam’s tenure in the Defence Research and Development Organisation and as the director of the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) at Hyderabad heralded immense achievements in missile technology; he was part of the team that envisioned India’s Guided Missile Development Programme. Projects such as the development of the Prithvi, Akash, Trishul and Nag missiles were undertaken. Kalam also insisted on the development of a strategic missile with re-entry technology, resulting in the Agni missile. He insisted that both ISRO and DRDO develop composites such as carbon-carbon, fibre-reinforced plastic, etc to make motor casings lighter so that the vehicles can carry a heavier payload. His consortium approach led to the indigenous development of phase shifters, magnesium alloys, ram-rocket motors and servo-valves for missiles. As scientific adviser to the Defence Minister, he helped conduct India’s nuclear tests at Pokhran in May 1998. But more than as a scientist and a technocrat, Kalam will be remembered for his tenure as India’s 11th president, when he moved the institution away from being merely formal and ceremonial in nature. He used the presidency as a platform to inspire youth, who were readily impressed by his earthy demeanour and discursive approach to public speaking. The missile man had his critics, but India’s most popular president leaves behind the legacy of more than one generation of inspired Indians.
Keywords: A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
the speaking tree - Stumbling on an Idea


Serendipity is stumbling upon a new idea, accidentally . This term was first coined by Horace Walpole in 1754, with reference to a Persian fairy tale, `The Three Princes of Serendip', who were “always making discoveries, accidentally and unexpectedly of things which they were not in quest of “.Evolution of scientific thought and ideas can't be explained as a logical outcome of sequential thinking. The Vedas are said to be the result of a flash of realisation that occurred to rishis in meditation.This kind of enlightenment is Aparoksha Gyaan', or knowl` edge acquired without the intervention of a medium.
The human intellect is traditionally classified into two broad categories: `Tarka Pradnya' and `Antah Pradnya'. Tarka Pradnya is logic-based intellect while Antah Pradnya is innate intrinsic intellect, the substrate with which divinity gets entangled.
Recently , it was observed that the capacity of consciously processing visual stimuli increases significantly when the observation of the outside world is not guided by precisely defined expectations. The brain produces an enhancement of the level of consciousness amplifying and extending, in the secondary visual cortex.
“Serendipity seems, therefo re, to occur when the attention of an active observer is not tied up, based on the experience of past events consciously perceived, to precisely defined expectations of incoming sensory inputs,“ explained Fabrizio Doricchi, coordinator of the study conducted in Rome.
In 7 yrs, India will surpass China in population: UN
Washington:
PTI


India is expected to surpass China to become the world's most populous nation by 2022, the United Nations said on Thursday . China and India remain the two largest countries in the world, each with more than 1 billion people, representing 19% and 18% of the world's population, respectively .“But by 2022, the population of India is expected to surpass that of China,“ said the report `World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision', released by the UN. Currently , among the 10 largest countries in the world, one is in Africa (Nigeria), five are The curr in Asia (Bangladesh, expecte China, India, Indo2050 and nesia, and Pakistan), two are in Latin America (Brazil and Mexico), one is in Northern America (USA), and one is in Europe (Russian Federation). Of these, Nigeria's population is growing the most rapidly . Consequently , the population of Nigeria is projected to surpass that of the US by about 2050.
By 2050, six countries are expected to exceed 300 million: China, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and the USA, the report said.
A significant aging of the population in the next several decades is projected for most regions of the world, starting with Europe where 34% of the population is projected to be over 60 years old by 2050. In Latin America and the Caribbean and in Asia, the population will be transformed from having 11% to 12% of people aged over 60 years today to more than 25% by 2050. Africa has the young est age distribution of any major area, but it is also pro jected to age rapidly , with the population aged 60 years or over rising from 5%today to 9%by 2050.
The current world pop ulation of 7.3 billion is ex pected to reach 8.5 billion by 2030, 9.7 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion in 2100, the re port said.