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Thursday, August 31, 2023

Social Change: Table of Contents

  

Volume 53 Issue 2, June 2023

Special Issue: Nationalist Urbanisms on the National Peripheries

  • Guest Editor: Ghazala Jamil

Introduction

Free accessIntroductionFirst published June 14, 2023pp. 169–178

Articles

Available accessResearch articleFirst published June 14, 2023pp. 179–194
Available accessResearch articleFirst published June 14, 2023pp. 195–209
Available accessResearch articleFirst published June 14, 2023pp. 210–225
Available accessResearch articleFirst published June 14, 2023pp. 226–239
Available accessResearch articleFirst published June 14, 2023pp. 240–255
Available accessResearch articleFirst published June 14, 2023pp. 256–274

Review Article

Available accessReview articleFirst published June 14, 2023pp. 275–278

Book Reviews

Available accessBook reviewFirst published June 14, 2023pp. 279–281
Available accessBook reviewFirst published June 14, 2023pp. 281–284

Current Affairs- August 30, 2023

 

INDIA

  • Union Cabinet gave its nod for the reduction of the price of a domestic LPG cylinder by ₹200.
  • Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) directs Karnataka to ensure 5,000 cubic feet per second (cusecs) of water for Tamil Nadu.
  • India lodges strong protest with China over new map, showing all of Arunachal Pradesh, Aksai Chin, and other parts within its borders.
  • Indian Army signs deals for 130 tethered drones and 19 tank-driving simulators.
  • Pragyan rover of the Chandrayaan-3 mission, has confirmed the presence of sulphur on the moon’s surface, near its south pole.
  • Gujarat government raises OBC quota to 27% in local bodies.

ECONOMY & CORPORATE

  • Centre extends deadline till December 31 for enabling Aadhaar-based payment for MGNREGA workers.
  • Tata has announced the introduction of its new brand identity, TATA.ev, for the electric vehicle business.
  • India’s move to impose a 20% duty on exports of parboiled rice prompted buyers and sellers to postpone shipments of about 5,00,000 metric tonne (mt)

WORLD

  • India and Kenya sign MoU for shipbuilding collaboration.
  • More than 1,000 schools were destroyed in Ukraine since war began: UNICEF.
  • Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu thanks Saudi Arabia after emergency landing.
  • California Assembly passes anti-caste discrimination Bill.

SPORTS

  • Billie Jean King celebrated the 50th anniversary of the U.S. Open becoming the first sporting event to offer equal prize money to men and women.
  • England Women’s match fees equalised with England Men’s, announces England Cricket Board (ECB).
  • Wawrinka becomes oldest man to win singles clash at US Open since 1992.

Top 10 career options in India’s social sector for youth

 The social sector in India has witnessed a remarkable transformation over the years, with a growing focus on youth-led initiatives that drive change at the grassroots level. As a Social development expert working in India and driving programs like SBI Youth for India, it is my privilege to present the top 10 career options in India's social sector for the youth. The young population of India possesses immense potential to create a positive impact on society by actively participating in various roles within the social sector. These careers not only offer fulfilling and meaningful work but also contribute to the overall development of the nation.

1. Social Entrepreneurship:

Social entrepreneurship involves identifying social problems and innovating sustainable solutions to address them. Youth-led social enterprises can bring fresh perspectives, energy, and technology-driven ideas to tackle societal challenges. By empowering the youth to become social entrepreneurs, they can create employment opportunities, drive economic growth, and improve the well-being of communities.

2. Community Organising:

Community organising is a crucial aspect of social development, where the youth can play a vital role. Engaging in community mobilisation, youth-led initiatives can encourage collective action, foster social cohesion, and amplify the voices of marginalised groups. By empowering communities, the youth can drive positive changes in areas like education, health, and environmental sustainability.

3. Non-Profit Management:

Youth aspiring to work in the social sector can consider a career in nonprofit management. As managers, they oversee the operations of NGOs and charitable organizations, ensuring efficient utilization of resources, implementing impactful projects, and maintaining transparency in governance. The energy and enthusiasm of the youth can bring a fresh approach to organizational management and drive greater social impact.

4. Education and Skill Development:

Education and skill development are essential for India's socio-economic progress. Youth-led initiatives in this domain can focus on designing innovative educational programs, vocational training, and mentoring to equip the underprivileged with skills that improve their employability and overall quality of life.

5. Public Policy and Advocacy:

Youth can actively engage in public policy and advocacy work to influence decision-making processes at local, state, and national levels. By raising awareness about critical issues, lobbying for policy changes, and collaborating with policymakers, the youth can ensure that the social sector receives the attention and support it deserves.

6. Environmental Sustainability:

With environmental challenges becoming more pressing, the youth can contribute significantly to environmental sustainability. Initiatives like waste management, renewable energy adoption, afforestation drives, and conservation efforts can be led by the youth, making a substantial contribution to the country's sustainable development.

7. Alternate Livelihood Generation:

Creating alternate livelihood opportunities is crucial for reducing poverty and fostering inclusive development. Youth-led initiatives can focus on identifying and promoting income-generating activities for marginalized communities. These initiatives can include setting up vocational training centres, promoting handicrafts and traditional art, supporting rural entrepreneurship, and encouraging sustainable agriculture practices.

8. Women Empowerment:

Gender equality is a critical aspect of India's social development. The youth can drive initiatives to empower women by providing access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. They can work towards creating a more inclusive society that recognizes and values women's contributions.

9. Alternate Energy:

Amidst the global climate crisis and the urgent need to transition towards renewable energy sources, the role of youth-led initiatives in the alternate energy sector becomes paramount. As the demand for energy continues to rise, traditional fossil fuels are not sustainable in the long run, and India's commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions necessitates a shift to cleaner and greener energy alternatives.

10. Art and Culture for Social Change:

The power of art and culture in driving social change is immense. Youth can use their creative talents to raise awareness about social issues, preserve and promote traditional art forms, and foster cultural exchange to build bridges of understanding among diverse communities.

The social sector in India offers a plethora of career options for the youth to make a significant impact on society. Youth-led initiatives bring fresh perspectives, innovative solutions, and boundless energy to address the country's most pressing challenges at the grassroots level. I encourage young individuals to explore these diverse career options in the social sector, driving positive change, and contributing to India's overall development. By leveraging their passion, skills, and determination, the youth can be the driving force in building a more equitable and prosperous India.

Source: The Telegraph, 25/08/23

Decline in Indian bird species: Alarming report reveals 60 per cent decrease over 30 years

 Of the 338 bird species studied in India for changes in numbers over the last 30 years, 60 per cent have experienced a decline, says a new report based on data from about 30,000 birdwatchers across the country.

Also, 40 per cent (142) of the 359 species evaluated for change over the last seven years have declined, according to the report titled "State of India's Birds". The assessments rely on three indices: two are related to the change in abundance -- long-term trend (change over 30 years) and current annual trend (change over the past seven years) -- and the third is a measure of distribution range size within India.

Of the total of 942 species evaluated, long-term trends could be determined for 338 species. Of these, 204 species have declined, 98 are stable and 36 have increased, says the report published by a group of 13 government and non-government institutions, including the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), Wildlife Institute of India (WII), and Zoological Survey of India (ZSI).

Current annual trends could be determined for 359 species, of which 142 have declined (64 rapidly), 189 are stable, and 28 have increased.

The report classifies 178 species, including Northern Shoveler, Northern Pintail, Common Teal, Tufted Duck, Greater Flamingo, Sarus Crane, Indian Courser and Andaman Serpent Eagle, as "high conservation priority".

Fourteen species, including Indian Roller, Common Teal, Northern Shoveler and Common Sandpiper, have dropped by 30 per cent or more and have been recommended for IUCN Red List reassessment, the report says.

Generalist species like feral Rock Pigeon, Ashy Prinia, Asian Koel and Indian Peafowl are doing very well. Other common species like the Baya Weaver and Pied Bushchat are relatively stable, according to the report prepared using the data uploaded to the online platform eBird.

Habitat specialists — particularly birds of grasslands and other open habitats, wetlands, and woodlands — are declining rapidly.

In terms of diet, carnivores, insectivores, and granivores are declining more rapidly than omnivores or fruit-and-nectar eaters, the report shows.

Also, migratory species appear to be under greater threat than non-migrants while species endemic to the Western Ghats–Sri Lanka region are faring worse than others.

Certain groups of birds are faring particularly poorly, including open habitat species like bustards and coursers, riverine sandbar-nesting birds like skimmers and some terns, coastal shorebirds, open-country raptors, and a number of ducks.

"The finding that endemic species are faring poorly is worrying, since their existence rests entirely in our hands," M Ananda Kumar, Executive Director, Nature Conservation Foundation, said in response to the report.

Ritesh Kumar, Director, Wetlands International-South Asia, said the status of many wetland birds, including ducks and shorebirds, is worrying, and points to the conservation needs of their habitats and ecological corridors.

Source: The Telegraph, 25/08/23

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A bigger threat than cigarettes: How air pollution is cutting short lives by up to five years in South Asia

 

The average person living in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan is exposed to particulate pollution levels that are 51.3% higher than in 2000, according to a new study. In India, between 2020 and 2021, PM 2.5 levels increased from 56.2 µg/m3 to 58.7 µg/m3, which is 10 times more than the WHO guideline.


Air pollution is reducing the life span of people living in South Asia by 5.1 years, according to a new report. The region, which is home to the most polluted countries of Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan, accounts for more than half of the total life years lost globally due to high pollution.

In India, on average, poor air quality takes 5.3 years off the life of a person, the report added. In contrast, cardiovascular diseases decrease the average Indian’s life expectancy by around 4.5 years, while child and maternal malnutrition reduce life expectancy by 1.8 years.

The report, ‘Air Quality Life Index (AQLI) Annual Update 2023’, was published on Tuesday (August 29) by the University of Chicago’s Energy Policy Institute. AQLI measures the impact of particulate pollution on life expectancy and the latest report analysed particulate matter data from 2021 to determine its impact on life expectancy. Here is a detailed look at the report’s findings and how harmful pollutants like particulate matter (PM) 2.5 affect humans.

South Asia and air pollution

Air pollution is a major threat to South Asians, especially those living in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. Its impact on life expectancy in each of the previously mentioned countries is far greater than other prominent health threats. “Tobacco use, for instance, reduces life expectancy in these countries by as much as 2.8 years; unsafe water and sanitation by as much as 1 year; and alcohol use by half a year,” said the report.

As of now, the average person living in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan is exposed to particulate pollution levels that are 51.3% higher than at the turn of the century.

“Had pollution levels in 2000 remained constant over time, the residents in these countries would be on track to lose 3.3 years of life expectancy — not the 5.2 years that they stand to lose in 2021,” the report added.

Bangladesh remains the most polluted country in the world. Although it witnessed a drop of 2.1% in particulate pollution in 2021 compared to 2020 levels, pollution in the country was about 14 to 15 times the WHO guideline for the past decade. The South Asian nation stands to lose 6.8 years of life on average per person. According to the WHO, annual average concentrations of PM 2.5 should not exceed 5 µg/m3.

In India, the second most polluted nation, all 1.3 billion people live in areas where the annual average particulate pollution level surpasses the WHO guideline. Moreover, 67.4% of the population live in areas that exceed the country’s own national air quality standard of 40 µg/m3, the report said.

Over the years, air quality levels have been plummeting across India. The report said from 1998 to 2021, average annual particulate pollution increased by 67.7%, further reducing average life expectancy by 2.3 years. Between 2020 and 2021, PM2.5 level in India increased from 56.2 µg/m3 to 58.7 µg/m3, which is 10 times more than the WHO guideline. The analysis also said from 2013 to 2021, 59.1% of the world’s increase in pollution has come from India.

The most polluted region of the country is “the Northern Plains, where more than a half billion people live”. Notably, Delhi’s annual average PM2.5 level in 2021 was found to be 126.5 µg/m3 and the life expectancy of an average person living in the city has shortened by 11.9 years.

A 2022 study, published in the journal Lancet, found that air pollution caused more than 16.7 lakh premature deaths in India in 2019. Out of the total deaths, 9.8 lakh were caused by PM2.5 pollution, and another 6.1 lakh by household air pollution. “In India and Pakistan, the number of vehicles on the road has increased about four-fold since the early 2000s. The number of vehicles roughly tripled in Bangladesh from 2010 to 2020,” the analysis said.Not only this, electricity production using fossil fuels tripled between 1998 and 2017 in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan combined. Although high energy use has contributed to better living standards and economic output in these countries, the consequent increase in particulate pollution has had grave repercussions.

Adverse effects of particulate pollution

One of the most harmful atmospheric pollutants is PM 2.5. Sized at just 2.5 micrometres, which is around 3% of the diameter of a human hair, it can easily enter the circulatory system of humans through the nose and throat. PM 2.5 particles can cause chronic diseases such as asthma, heart attack, bronchitis and other respiratory problems.

Source: Indian Express, 31/08/23

Wednesday, August 30, 2023

Quote of the Day August 30, 2023

 

“The first recipe of happiness - avoid too lengthy meditations on the past.”
Andre Maurois
“खुशी का पहला उपाय - पिछली बातों पर बहुत अधिक विचार करने से बचें।”
एन्ड्रे माऊराउस

Current Affairs- August 26, 2023

 

INDIA

  • Survey exercise of Caste enumeration in Bihar completed.
  • Law and Justice Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal launched Tele-Law- 2.0 that Integrates Tele-Law and Nyaya Bandhu App.
  • Prime Minister Modi becomes first Foreign Head of Government to be awarded ‘The Grand Cross of the Order of Honour’ by Greece.
  • ISRO: Chandrayaan rover Pragyan successfully traversed a distance of around eight metres on the lunar surface.
  • Indore has been adjudged the best Smart City while Madhya Pradesh has been chosen as the top state in the Smart Cities Mission.
  • Defence Ministry signed a contract with Hindustan Shipyard Ltd, for acquisition of five fleet support ships (FSS) for Indian Navy at ₹19,000 crore.

ECONOMY & CORPORATE

  • IIT Bombay partners with HSBC to support innovation-led green hydrogen initiatives.
  • G-20 Ministers agreed to map global value chains, integrate small businesses with them and ease trade documentation.
  • India imposes 20% export duty on parboiled rice.
  • India’s foreign exchange reserves fall to near 2-month low of $595 billion.

WORLD

  • Germany develops device for visually impaired at sports of shooting.
  • India and Greece pledge to upgrade ties to become strategic partners.
  • Russian President Vladimir Putin will not participate in the G-20 leaders’ summit to be held in New Delhi.
  • China and Bhutan hold first meeting on delimitation of disputed boundary.

SPORTS

  • India’s Neeraj Chopra progressed to the men’s javelin throw final at the World Athletics Championships 2023; Manu DP and Kishore Jena also book spots.
  • Women’s Asian Hockey 5s World Cup Qualifier: India defeats Malaysia 7-2.
  • Indian Women’s blind team enters maiden final of World Games in Birmingham.
  • BWF World Championships: Indian shuttler HS Prannoy storms into semifinals.